Cecelia Goetz, Woman at Nuremberg

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 607-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane Marie Amann
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
Life Story ◽  
International Criminal Law ◽  
Department Of Justice ◽  
World War ◽  
Federal Judiciary ◽  
The Many ◽  
Nazi Collaborators ◽  
The U.S

AbstractAmong the creators of international criminal law were the many women who participated in the post-World War II trials of former Nazis and Nazi collaborators. This essay profiles one of those women: Cecelia Goetz, a thirty-year-old American who was the only woman to deliver an opening statement at Nuremberg. The essay not only details how and why Goetz became a prosecutor in the Krupp trial, but also relates a life story marked by many "first women" events, on law review, at the U.S. Department of Justice, and, after Nuremberg, in the federal judiciary.

scholarly journals Nazi Crimes in Poland. A Never-Ending Search for Justice

2019 ◽  
pp. 142-160
Author(s):  
Hanna Kuczyńska
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
International Law ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
International Criminal Law ◽  
World War ◽  
National Courts ◽  
International Criminal Tribunals ◽  
Efficient Machine

This article deals with the model for prosecuting Nazi crimes committed in Poland in the light of the model presently used in international criminal law. It tries to answer the question: should the investigation of crimes of international law be handed over to transnational tribunals? Should they be hybrid tribunals involving a national factor, or completely supra-national tribunals like the International Criminal Court? Is it legitimate to transfer jurisdiction over these matters to national courts? The case of unpunished Nazi crimes in Poland may give a partial answer to this question. Certainly, various attempts made after World War II, including procedures brought before Polish courts, have contributed to understanding the function of international criminal law, and finding the answer to the question of the best model for prosecuting crimes of international law. At present, we also have the experience of international criminal tribunals, in particular the ICC, which is an efficient machine for prosecuting crimes of international law. Interesting conclusions can be drawn from its functioning that could improve the work of Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) prosecutors, and shed new light on the considerations regarding the prosecution of Nazi crimes in Poland after World War II.

Epilogue

2019 ◽  
pp. 211-218
Author(s):  
Nancy Shoemaker
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Rockefeller Foundation ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
World War ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Many ◽  
A Site ◽  
The U.S

This epilogue addresses how David Whippy, Mary D. Wallis, and John B. Williams—as they pursued respect in different ways—became party to the many changes taking place in Fiji due to foreign influence. Whippy, Wallis, and Williams were all involved, in one way or another, in the U.S.–Fiji trade. In the twentieth century, new incentives enticed Americans to Fiji. American global activism and private development schemes involved Fiji as much as other places around the world, and medical aid and research sponsored by the Rockefeller Foundation and a Carnegie Library at Suva introduced new forms of American influence in the islands. World War II, of course, brought Americans to the islands in droves. However, the main avenue by which Americans would come to Fiji was through the third wave of economic development that succeeded the sugar plantations of colonial Fiji: tourism. Now that the face of Fiji presented to the rest of the world evokes pleasure instead of fear, references to the cannibal isles have become nothing more than a nostalgic nod to Fiji's past. Previously considered a site of American wealth production, the islands have now become a site of American consumption.

Paradise or Hell Hole?: U.S. Marines in Post–World War II China

1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 157-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xixiao Guo
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Chinese Communist Party ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
The Many ◽  
Army Personnel ◽  
Nationalist Government ◽  
Communication Lines ◽  
The U.S

AbstractAmong the many U.S. servicemen stationed in China after World War II were the marines of the U.S. Third Amphibious Corps (IIIAC), sailors from the U.S. Seventh Fleet, and U.S. army personnel.1 Transported to the seaports of coastal China like Shanghai, as well as placed on the main communication lines between the major cities of the interior, these Americans encountered Chinese of all kinds—students, soldiers, merchants, bandits, politicians, and prostitutes. But whereas the Americans were done with their fighting in 1945, China was quickly convulsed into civil war between the Nationalist government of the Kuomintang (KMT) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The fighting between the two dated to the 1920s. There was a brief period of uneasy unity before fighting erupted again, leading to Kuomintang successes and the Communists’ Long March of 1934–36. Japan’s brutal aggression after 1937 put an end to most of the fighting between the KMT and CCP, but once it became clear after 1941 that the United States would defeat Japan, it was only a question of time before the two started at each other. Given the longevity, magnitude, intensity, and complexity of the Chinese Civil War, the interaction between American soldiers and the Chinese people during this critical period in history was bound to be calamatous for all those involved.

scholarly journals Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al. (Special Trib. Leb.)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-91
Author(s):  
Michael Lysander Fremuth
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
International Criminal Court ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
International Criminal Law ◽  
World War ◽  
International Crimes ◽  
International Character

The establishment of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in 1998 constitutes a landmark in the development of International Criminal Law (ICL), which gained its first momentum after World War II through the foundation of International Military Tribunals in Nuremberg and Tokyo. ICL is, however, not confined to these most prominent courts or their statutes providing for definitions of international crimes under their respective jurisdiction; rather, ad hoc international, or internationalized and hybrid special tribunals and criminal chambers also contribute to the development and shape of ICL and reflect its diverse legal and institutional basis. Perceived as another tribunal of “international character,” on August 18, 2020, the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL) pronounced its judgment on the merits in the Ayyash case. The long-awaited verdict raises the question of the Tribunal's contribution to the further evolution of ICL.

M. Cherif Bassiouni (1937–2017)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Matwijkiw ◽  
Bronik Matwijkiw
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
International Criminal Law ◽  
World War ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Human Rights Advocacy ◽  
Global Law

Professor M. Cherif Bassiouni’s death sent shockwaves through the community of legal scholars and practitioners. As an influential figure in the post–World War II era, Bassiouni helped determine the direction of international criminal law and international criminal justice. Bassiouni joined the Editorial Board of The Global Community YILJ in 2001, upon the invitation of its founder and General Editor Giuliana Ziccardi Capaldo. Like the United Nations and the various universities, institutes and societies Bassiouni served, the Yearbook is saddened by the loss of a modern master. His contributions cover doctrine, human rights advocacy that accentuates humanistic values, holistic post-conflict justice principles and projects, together with a life-long campaign for fair (global) law-making and (global) law-enforcement. With the death of Bassiouni, the community witnessed the departure of one of the innovative, inspirational and illustrious masterminds in the fight against impunity and realpolitik and for accountability and the rule of law.

scholarly journals International Criminal Law's Millennium of Forgotten History

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 393-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziv Bohrer
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
International Community ◽  
International Criminal Law ◽  
World War ◽  
Winston Churchill ◽  
International Military Tribunal ◽  
Military Tribunal ◽  
Franklin Delano Roosevelt

At the close of World War II (WWII), Winston Churchill suggested summarily executing the remaining Nazi leadership. Franklin Delano Roosevelt disagreed, insisting on prosecuting them in an international military tribunal. This is considered the “birth” of International Criminal Law (ICL), following a consensus that “[t]he Nazi atrocities gave rise to the idea that some crimes are so grave as to concern the international community as a whole.” A few earlier instances of penal action against violators of the laws of war are acknowledged, but they are dismissed as unrelated to current ICL, because (presumably) these cases are sporadic domestic legal actions that lack a common doctrine.

Defining Genocide

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 149-169
Author(s):  
Melanie O’Brien
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
International Criminal Law ◽  
World War ◽  
Post World War Ii ◽  
Legal Challenges ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Key Terms

This article traces the historical development of the term “genocide” and discusses how it evolved from a post-World War II concept into a key component of international criminal law. Dr. O’Brien outlines some of the legal challenges that attend several of the key terms in the generally accepted definition of genocide: ‘destroy’, ‘in part’, ‘groups’, ‘intent’, and so on. She then concludes with an important and politically nuanced point essential to understanding the politics and afterlife of the Rwanda genocide – the weight of the “g” word.

scholarly journals Z badań nad białostockim epizodem w biografii Rafała Lemkina

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-186
Author(s):  
Michał Paweł Stokowski ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
International Law ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Criminal Law ◽  
World War ◽  
War Department ◽  
Famous Trials ◽  
Mass Murders

Rafał Lemkin became famous in historiography as the creator of the concept of genocide (genocide). This Polish lawyer of Jewish origin, graduated from the Faculty of Law at the University of Jan Kazimierz in Lviv and was a pupil of the outstanding Polish criminal lawyer Juliusz Makarewicz. From his student days, he became interested in the lack of legal regulations in the field of criminal liability for committing mass murders on a specific national or ethnic group. An important impulse for the development of this thought for the young Lemkin were the famous trials of the assassins Talaat Pasha, responsible for the slaughter of Armenians during the Great War, and Symon Petlura, charged with the responsibility for pogroms against Jews in Ukraine. Before the outbreak of World War II, Rafał Lemkin, as part of his activity in the Polish section of the International Criminal Law Association, presented at a conference in Madrid in 1933 the first visions of the concept of international criminal jurisdiction of genocide offenses. After the outbreak of World War II and his escape to the United States, he started working in the War Department and as a university lecturer. In 1944, he published his opus magnum – “The Axis Rule in Occupied Europe”, where he formulated and accurately described the concept of genocide as a crime of international law. Lemkin’s idea was quickly appreciated. As early as December 1946, the UN General Assembly passed a resolution recognizing genocide as a crime of international law, and two years later it adopted the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. He described his extremely interesting life in the autobiography entitled “Totally Unofficial”, which was translated and published in Poland in 2018. Rafał Lemkin describes many details of his life, but omits the period of his residence in Białystok, where he allegedly passed his matriculation exams in 1919, and his student days at the Jagiellonian University, when he gained the necessary experience and knowledge in legal fields to help him develop the concept of criminalisation of genocide.

The Statute of the Iraqi Special Tribunal for Crimes Against Humanity– Progressive or Regressive?

2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 859-878
Author(s):  
Olaoluwa Olusanya
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
International Criminal Law ◽  
Crimes Against Humanity ◽  
World War ◽  
Criminal Justice Systems ◽  
Effective System ◽  
Nuremberg Trials

The global effort to establish an effective system of international justice is at an important phase in its history. After close to 50 years of relative stagnation following the Nuremberg trials at the end of World War II, the field of international criminal law has been revitalised. The establishment of the International Criminal Court, the ad hoc tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda, “hybrid” or “internationalised” processes such as the Special Court in Sierra Leone, and national criminal justice systems exercising universal jurisdiction, have all lent substance and credibility to the assertion that the most grievous human rights crimes are subject to international scrutiny and legal action.

scholarly journals Reflections on the Symptoms of Humanitarian Principles in the Investigations of International Crimes – A Study on Admissibility of Electronic Evidences in International Trials

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 5520-5532
Author(s):  
Pankaj Umbarkar ◽  
Priyanka R Mohod
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
International Criminal Law ◽  
World War ◽  
International Crimes ◽  
Clear Sign ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
International Instruments ◽  
The Impact ◽  
New Phase

The establishment of the International Criminal Tribunal's post-World War II is the clear sign of augmented figure of International Crimes especially. The culmination of flagship tribunals like Yugoslavia and Rwanda opened the new phase for several significant questions such as the maintenance of humanitarian principles throughout the investigation, relevancy of evidence, authenticity, and overall mechanism and its legality too. The chances of an independent investigation mechanism for international crimes may also not be denied. Under such a state of affairs, the issues of collection, preservation, and scrutiny of the evidence of the most serious International Crimes and violations of normative principles set out by International Criminal Law becomes crucial to know to ensure fair and transparent justice. Indeed, the investigation procedure required for such fairness and transparency demands unequivocal maintenance of humanitarian principles throughout the process and legality for the sake of legal authority behind. Consequently, the present paper counts the impact of the investigation mechanism on criminal for international crimes and the existence of the symptoms of humanitarian principles with its legality by analyzing several International Instruments, Judicial Decisions, and other fact findings on the record.

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