A Study of Sizes of 17th-century Paintings, Mainly in the North Netherlands

1979 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-115
Author(s):  
J. Rruyn
Keyword(s):  
17Th Century ◽  
The North

scholarly journals Quantification of the Early Small-Scale Fishery in the North-Eastern Baltic Sea in the Late 17th Century

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. e68513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aare Verliin ◽  
Henn Ojaveer ◽  
Katre Kaju ◽  
Erki Tammiksaar
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
The North ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Eastern Baltic

Das deutsche Quäkertum in der Frühen Neuzeit Ein grundsätzlicher Beitrag zur Pietismusforschung

2008 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-234
Author(s):  
Claus Bernet
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
American Religion ◽  
Missionary Work ◽  
The North ◽  
Anglo American

AbstractQuakerism is the first Anglo-American religion that has gained ground in Germany, especially in the north, in the second half of the 17th century. Contrary to older church historiography, this was not a marginal phenomenon. Rather, stable congregations developed, as did a Europe-wide network of missionary work and a differentiated culture of polemic writings. These points of encounter allowed the Quakers to establish contact with supporters of Böhme and radical pietists while at the same time enabling an Antiquakeriana campaign against them. At the center of this study lies the question for the religious-historical positioning of Quakerism. The author argues that due to impulses of extra-ecclesiastical pietism, positions arose that transgressed Christianity's frame of reference. Therefore the reference to the early modern understanding of esoterism has proven especially useful.

The Grey Wolf

Antiquity ◽  
1943 ◽  
Vol 17 (65) ◽  
pp. 11-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Matheson
Keyword(s):  
17Th Century ◽  
Grey Wolf ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
The City ◽  
Close Investigation ◽  
Animal World

In a previous paper (1) an attempt was made to describe the inter-relations of man and bear in Europe from early times to the present day. In many ways the influence of the wolf has been more important than that of the bear on the habits and thoughts of European man. Occasionally it has figured in a favourable light, as in the case of the she-wolf credited with suckling the twin founders of the City on Seven Hills (though even here the double meaning of lupa—applied in a transferative sense to ladies whose character would not bear close investigation—has led some authors to a conjecture which it might not have been politic to mention to any patriotic inhabitant of the grandeur that was Rome). But in general, whether in Italy or elsewhere, no animal has been so hated and feared. Among the ancient Greeks in the south—whose Lyceum at Athens and sanctuary of Apollo Lukeios at Sicyon may have originated in efforts to propitiate the wolves-as among the Letts of the north who, perhaps as late as the 17th century, sacrificed a goat each December to the wolves so that their other livestock might be spared(2) ; from Scotland where priests offered the prayer, quoted by Fittis (3) from the old Litany of Dunkeld, for deliverance ‘from robbers and caterans, from wolves and all wild beasts’, to Russia where peasants pronounced a spell on St. George's Day with the recurring plea, ‘God grant the wolf may not take our cattle‘ (4); the wolf was the great destroyer, the despoiler of flocks and herds and man's chief enemy in the animal world.

The ranks of service class population in the cities and counties of the southern frontier of Russia in the year 7185

2019 ◽  
pp. 195-200
Author(s):  
Oleg Skobelkin
Keyword(s):  
17Th Century ◽  
Service Class ◽  
The North ◽  
Urban Service ◽  
Analyze Data

We analyze data on the ranks of service class people in the cities and counties of the southern frontier of Russia in 1676/77. We identify 39 cities with and without counties, which can undoubtedly be attributed to the southern frontier. We raise the problem of determining the north-ern border of the southern Russian frontier in the 2nd half of the 17th century. We identify thirteen ranks of service class people of the urban service. We considered the distribution of thirteen ranks in 39 cities. Based on the obtained data, we calculate the number of ranks in each city/county. In addition, we reveal the prevalence of each rank in the cities and counties of the southern Russian frontier.

scholarly journals Bowhead whales, and not right whales, were the primary target of 16th- to 17th-century Basque Whalers in the Western North Atlantic

ARCTIC ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.A. McLeod ◽  
M.W. Brown ◽  
M.J. Moore ◽  
W. Stevens ◽  
S.H. Barkham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Bowhead Whale ◽  
North Atlantic Right Whale ◽  
Bowhead Whales ◽  
Right Whale ◽  
The North ◽  
Mitochondrial Cytochrome B ◽  
Comprehensive Search ◽  
The North Atlantic

During the 16th and 17th centuries, Basque whalers travelled annually to the Strait of Belle Isle and Gulf of St. Lawrence to hunt whales. The hunting that occurred during this period is of primary significance for the North Atlantic right whale, Eubalaena glacialis (Müller, 1776), because it has been interpreted as the largest human-induced reduction of the western North Atlantic population, with ~12250–21 000 whales killed. It has been frequently reported that the Basques targeted two species in this region: the North Atlantic right whale and the bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus L., 1758. To evaluate this hypothesis and the relative impact of this period of whaling on both species, we collected samples from 364 whale bones during a comprehensive search of Basque whaling ports from the 16th to the 17th century in the Strait of Belle Isle and Gulf of St. Lawrence. Bones were found and sampled at 10 of the 20 sites investigated. DNA was extracted from a subset (n = 218) of these samples. Analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome b region identified five whale species. The identification of only a single right whale bone and 203 bowhead whale bones from at least 72 individuals indicates that the bowhead whale was likely the principal target of the hunt. These results imply that this whaling had a much greater impact (in terms of numbers of whales removed) on the bowhead whale population than on the western North Atlantic right whale population.

Race and the Origins of Plantation Slavery

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Racial Difference ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
The North ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Plantation Slavery ◽  
Staple Crop ◽  
Academic Debate

“Twenty and odd” Africans arrived in Virginia aboard a Dutch vessel in 1619 shortly after permanent colonization of the English Americas began. There has been significant academic debate about whether the enslavement of peoples of African descent in England’s early 17th-century colonies was an inevitable or “unthinking decision” and about the nature and degree of anti-black racism during the 17th century. The legal and social status of African peoples was more flexible at first in the English colonies than it later became. Some Africans managed to escape permanent enslavement and a few Africans, such as Anthony Johnson, even owned servants of their own. There was no legal basis for enslavement in the British Americas for the first several decades of settlement and slave and servant codes emerged only gradually. Labor systems operated by custom rather than through any legal mechanisms of coercion. Most workers in the Americas experienced degrees of coercion. In the earliest years of plantation production, peoples from Africa, Europe, and the Americas often toiled alongside each other in the fields. Large numbers of Native Americans were captured and forced to work on plantations in the English Americas and many whites worked in agricultural fields as indentured and convict laborers. There were a wide variety of different kinds of coerced labor beyond enslavement in the 17th century and ideas about racial difference had yet to become as determinative as they would later be. As the staple crop plantation system matured and became entrenched on the North American mainland in the late 17th and early 18th centuries and planters required a large and regular supply of slaves, African laborers became synonymous with large-scale plantation production. The permeable boundaries between slavery and freedom disappeared, dehumanizing racism became more entrenched and U.S.-based planters developed slave codes premised on racial distinctions and legal mechanisms of coercion that were modeled on Caribbean precedents.

Excavations at Castle Street, Glasgow

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Chilton
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Considerable Extent ◽  
The North

Summary Parts of a ditch, walling and two drains of Medieval date were discovered during the excavation. These features had been damaged to a considerable extent by the construction and demolition of both a 17th century building and a 19th century tenement. The latter was levelled in 1979. The early structural remains are thought to belong to the Govan Manse which once stood to the north of the Provand's Lordship. Few finds contemporary with the medieval building were recovered.

The mysterious writing-master Clemens Perret and his two copy-books

Quaerendo ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ton Croiset Van Uchelen
Keyword(s):  
17Th Century ◽  
Dutch Republic ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
The North ◽  
Architectural Framework ◽  
Word Division ◽  
To Come ◽  
Title Pages

AbstractIn the first half of the 17th century penmanship in the Dutch Republic flourished as never before or since. Responsible for this flowering were a number of schoolmasters from Brabant and Flanders who in the 1570s and 80s had fled to the North and had settled there as writing-masters. To what level they had raised calligraphy may be seen from a large number of manuscript and printed writing-books that have been preserved. Just as they inspired their followers in years to come they had themselves found a source of inspiration in the two copy-books of Clemens Perret, brought out in 1569 and 1571. The earlier of these, the Exercitatio alphabetica, was not only the first ever to be reproduced entirely by copper engraving, but also the first with examples in seven languages, all of them written in the appropriate hands. Moreover in this book, the first to be produced in the Low Countries in such a large, oblong size, all plates had lavishly executed borders, designed on an architectural framework on which a variety of objects, human figures, grotesques, animals and so on were depicted. The book was obviously designed for collectors, wealthy connoisseurs and fellow writing-masters. The later book, the Eximiae peritiae alphabetum, although containing an equal number of plates, likewise in seven languages and in various hands, lacks the beautiful borders and is of slightly smaller size. It is altogether a more modestly conceived book, surely intended for use at school. Little is known about Perret's life. The title-pages of his books tell us that he was born in Brussels in 1551. A poem in a writing-book by Jacobus Houthusius, published in 1591, refers to his death. A contemporary manuscript note in a pamphlet of 1583 states that the writer Etienne Perret was his father. In the Plantin archives it is recorded that he had a brother, named Paul, and a sister. In a pamphlet of 1599 the writing-master Jan van den Velde states that Perret went to England to serve Queen Elizabeth's Chancellor as writing-master and teach the Queen the Italian hand. This seems unlikely as the Queen is known to have learned italic handwriting from Roger Ascham, while still a girl. The author has examined 26 copies of the Exercitatio in public collections and distinguishes two different editions. The first was probably brought out by Perret himself. Nearly all its plates contain errors in spelling, punctuation and word division. When Plantin took the distribution of the book in hand these mistakes were corrected and another plate added, containing within an engraved border a privilege with the text in letterpress: the 2nd edition. A variant of this edition is identical but for the privilege which is now engraved. The 2nd edition, corrected

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