Diurnal and Inter-Colony Variation in Pollen Collection from Different Seed Crops by Honeybees (Apis melifera L.)

AbstractA total of 2207 pollen collectors were trapped from five honeybee colonies at different times of day and grouped according to the pollen sources: red clover, white clover, field beans, crucifers, other species. Significant diurnal variation in amount of pollen collected from the different sources was found and the percentage of pollen collected from red clover, white clover and field beans respectively varied significantly between the five colonies.

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The effect on pollen collection of feeding honey-bee colonies with sugar syrup

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600064728 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 64 (2) ◽

pp. 167-168 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

J. B. Free

Keyword(s):

Honey Bee ◽

Sweet Cherry ◽

Red Clover ◽

Pollen Collection ◽

Sugar Syrup ◽

Bee Colonies ◽

Field Beans

The total amount of pollen collected by colonies taken to crops of sweet cherry, field beans and red clover was greatly increased by feeding syrup to the colonies. Hence feeding colonies with sugar syrup increases their pollinating value.

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Seed production issues that limit supplies or result in high market prices of dryland legume species

NZGA: Research and Practice Series ◽

10.33584/rps.11.2003.3012 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

pp. 161-167

Author(s):

M.P. Rolston

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Seed Production ◽

White Clover ◽

Red Clover ◽

High Price ◽

Crop Failure ◽

Market Prices ◽

Dryland Crops ◽

New Research ◽

Seed Crops

A barrier to the adoption of many dryland legumes by grassland farmers is the lack of supply and/or the high price of seed. Growers face a number of problems in growing dryland legumes for seed, including a high risk of crop failure; alternatives such as wheat, barley and perennial ryegrass seed are lower risk crops. Gross margins for legume seed crops (including white clover) indicate that they have low profitability, at present prices if yields are average. Pollination remains a serious limitation to production, especially for dryland crops that are not well pollinated by honeybees. Both internationally and in New Zealand there has been a major decline in seed production research in the last decade, and little new research has been published on seed production of a range of dryland legumes. Seed production issues limiting yield in a range of dryland seed crops in New Zealand are identified. The paper concludes with suggestions that may help overcome some of these limitations. Key words: economics, lucerne, production constraints, red clover, white clover

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NEW CLOVER CULTIVARS FOR WAIKATO DAIRY PASTURE: ESTABLISHMENT, PRODUCTION AND NITROGEN FIXATION DURING THE FIRST YEAR

Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association ◽

10.33584/jnzg.1988.49.1822 ◽

1988 ◽

pp. 207-211

Author(s):

S.F. Ledgard ◽

G.J. Brier ◽

R.N. Watson

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Fixation ◽

White Clover ◽

Dairy Cow ◽

Red Clover ◽

First Year ◽

Buried Seed

Clover cultivars grown with ryegrass were compared in an establishment year under dairy cow grazing. There was no difference in total annual productton but summer production was greater with Pawera red clover and with Kopu or Pitau white clovers. Clovers differed little in the proportion of nitrogen fixed, except during summer when values were highest for Pawera. Pawera was less prone to nematode attack than white clover cultivars but was more susceptible to clover rot. Resident clovers and high buried seed levels (e.g., 11-91 kg/ha) made introduction of new clover cultivars difficult. Sown clovers established best (50-70% of total clover plants) when drilled into soil treated with dicamba and glyphosate. Keywords: white clover, red clover, nematodes. nitrogen fixation, pasture renovation

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BEHAVIOUR AND EFFECTIVENESS OF BEES IN POLLINATING LEGUMES

Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association ◽

10.33584/jnzg.1974.36.1416 ◽

1974 ◽

pp. 105-110

Author(s):

I.W. Forster

Keyword(s):

White Clover ◽

Seed Set ◽

Red Clover ◽

Potential Maximum ◽

Open Fields

One honeybee or bumblebee working on each square metre of white clover or red clover gave adequate pollination. This could be obtained with one hive of honeybees to each three hectares of flowering clover. Lucerne seeding averaged only 10% of the potential maximum in open fields with honey- or bumblebees. In cages where honeybees were forced to gather pollen, this was raised to 30% but it was not possible to increase seed set significantly in the fields.

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THE PERFORMANCE OF 'GRASSLANDS MATUA' PRAIRIE GRASS IN THE SOUTHERN NORTH ISLAND

Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association ◽

10.33584/jnzg.1977.39.1491 ◽

1977 ◽

pp. 148-155

Author(s):

G.J.Rys I.M. Ritchie ◽

R.G. Smith ◽

N.A. Thomson ◽

G. Crouchley ◽

W. Stiefel

Keyword(s):

White Clover ◽

Animal Health ◽

Red Clover ◽

Annual Production ◽

Lower Yield ◽

Prairie Grass

The performance of 'Grasslands Matua' prairie grass (Bromus catharticus) was compared with perennial ryegrasses under mowing or grazing in three trials conducted in the southern North Island. Production of Matua under mowing at Flock House and Waimate West was 13% and 19% greater than G.4708 and Nui ryegrass, respectively, with the extra production contributed in summer and winter. At Masterton no difference between Matua and Ariki ryegrass production occurred under grazing. A 31% increase in annual production was recorded for both Matua and G.4708 swards receiving N, compared with those sown with white clover, with the annual yield of G.4708 receiving N similar to Matua receiving no N. Less frequent defoliation increased production of Matua swards by 17% and the Matua component by 38%. Production of Nui in comparison with Matua swards was 14% lower under frequent and 9% lower under infrequent defoliation. Similar production was recorded from red clover under frequent, and infrequent defoliation for both Nui and Matua swards. A 48% lower yield of white clover occurred under infrequent defoliation of Matua swards. At Masterton a higher incidence of goitre in newborn lambs, accompanied by a 12% lower lamb liveweight at weaning, occurred on Matua- compared with Ariki-based swards. Aspects of seasonal production, fertility response, management, and animal health are discussed.

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Genetic variation for rate of establishment in caucasian clover

Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association ◽

10.33584/jnzg.1998.60.2282 ◽

1998 ◽

pp. 213-217

Author(s):

K.H. Widdup ◽

T.L. Knight ◽

C.J. Waters

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variation ◽

Root Growth ◽

Seedling Growth ◽

White Clover ◽

Seedling Emergence ◽

Red Clover ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Cool Season ◽

Trifolium Ambiguum ◽

Root Dry Weight

Slow establishment of caucasian clover (Trifolium ambiguum L.) is hindering the use of this legume in pasture mixtures. Improved genetic material is one strategy of correcting the problem. Newly harvested seed of hexaploid caucasian clover germplasm covering a range of origins, together with white and red clover and lucerne, were sown in 1 m rows in a Wakanui soil at Lincoln in November 1995. After 21 days, the caucasian clover material as a group had similar numbers of emerged seedlings as white clover and lucerne, but was inferior to red clover. There was wide variation among caucasian clover lines (48-70% seedling emergence), with the cool-season selection from cv. Monaro ranked the highest. Recurrent selection at low temperatures could be used to select material with improved rates of seedling emergence. Red clover and lucerne seedlings produced significantly greater shoot and root dry weight than caucasian and white clover seedlings. Initially, caucasian clover seedlings partitioned 1:1 shoot to root dry weight compared with 3:1 for white clover. After 2 months, caucasian clover seedlings had similar shoot growth but 3 times the root growth of white clover. Between 2 and 5 months, caucasian clover partitioned more to root and rhizome growth, resulting in a 0.3:1 shoot:root ratio compared with 2:1 for white clover. Both clover species had similar total dry weight after 5 months. Unhindered root/ rhizome devel-opment is very important to hasten the establishment phase of caucasian clover. The caucasian clover lines KZ3 and cool-season, both selections from Monaro, developed seedlings with greater shoot and root growth than cv. Monaro. KZ3 continued to produce greater root growth after 5 months, indicating the genetic potential for improvement in seedling growth rate. Different pasture estab-lishment techniques are proposed that take account of the seedling growth characteristics of caucasian clover. Keywords: establishment, genetic variation, growth, seedling emergence, Trifolium ambiguum

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EVALUATION OF CLOVERS ON SANDY COASTAL SOIL

Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association ◽

10.33584/jnzg.1977.39.1500 ◽

1977 ◽

pp. 130-138 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

W.M. Williams ◽

L.B. Anderson ◽

B.M. Cooper

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Drought Stress ◽

Sandy Soil ◽

White Clover ◽

Plant Material ◽

Red Clover ◽

Early Spring ◽

Commercial Cultivars ◽

Mediterranean Origin ◽

Winter Annual

In evaluations of clover performances on summer-dry Himatangi sandy soil, it was found that none could match lucerne over summer. Emphasis was therefore placed on production in autumn-winter- early spring when lucerne growth was slow. Evaluations of some winter annual clover species suggested that Trifolium spumosum, T. pallidum, T. resupinatum, and T. vesiculosum would justify further investigation, along with T. subterraneum which is already used in pastures on this soil type. Among the perennial clover species, Kenya white clover (7'. semipilosum) showed outstanding recovery from drought and was the only species to produce significantly in autumn. However, it failed to grow in winter-early spring. Within red clover, materials of New Zealand x Moroccan origin substantially outproduced the commercial cultivars. Within white clover, material from Israel, Italy and Lebanon, as well as progeny of a selected New Zealand plant, showed more rapid recovery from drought stress and subsequently better winter growth than New Zealand commercial material ('Grasslands Huia'). The wider use of plant material of Mediterranean origin and of plants collected in New Zealand dryland pastures is advocated in development of clover cultivars for New Zealand dryland situations.

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