NEW CLOVER CULTIVARS FOR WAIKATO DAIRY PASTURE: ESTABLISHMENT, PRODUCTION AND NITROGEN FIXATION DURING THE FIRST YEAR

1988 ◽  
pp. 207-211
Author(s):  
S.F. Ledgard ◽  
G.J. Brier ◽  
R.N. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
First Year ◽  
Buried Seed

Clover cultivars grown with ryegrass were compared in an establishment year under dairy cow grazing. There was no difference in total annual productton but summer production was greater with Pawera red clover and with Kopu or Pitau white clovers. Clovers differed little in the proportion of nitrogen fixed, except during summer when values were highest for Pawera. Pawera was less prone to nematode attack than white clover cultivars but was more susceptible to clover rot. Resident clovers and high buried seed levels (e.g., 11-91 kg/ha) made introduction of new clover cultivars difficult. Sown clovers established best (50-70% of total clover plants) when drilled into soil treated with dicamba and glyphosate. Keywords: white clover, red clover, nematodes. nitrogen fixation, pasture renovation

scholarly journals Research Concerning Nitrogen Fixation in Fodder Systems Based on Italian Ryegrass

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian GHIOCEL ◽  
Neculai DRAGOMIR ◽  
Roxana VIDICAN ◽  
Sebastian TOTH ◽  
Nicoleta MORARU
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
First Year ◽  
Legume Species

In any agricultural system based on legumes, nitrogen balance should take into account the flow of N 2 by legume species. In this flow, the amount of N2 fixed by legumes is considered a reserve amount of nitrogen which, through harvesting, is removed from the nitrogen balance. The aim of the present paper is to assess the amount of nitrogen fixed biologically (NFB) in some legume species sowed in association and of the share of this amount of NFB of the total amount of nitrogen from the productions obtained. Thus, in the fodder system made up of Italian ryegrass + red clover cultivated for two years, the amount of NFB in the first year was 60 kg/ha. If we relate the amount of NFB to the amount of nitrogen exported through the fodder biomass, we see that the share of NFB varies between 22 and 42%.

Nitrogen fixation and transfer by some tropical and temperate pasture legumes in sand culture

1962 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 132 ◽  
Author(s):  
EF Henzell
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
First Year ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Total Fixation ◽  
Nitrogen Donor ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Indigofera Spicata

Nitrogen fixation by four tropical pasture legumes-Indigofera spicata Forsk., Desmodium uncinatum (Jacq.) D.C., Lotononis bainesii Bak., and Stylosanthes bojeri Vogel-and by lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.), was measured in sand culturere in the glasshouse. During a two year period lucerne and white clover fixed significantly more nitrogen than any of the tropical species. Indigofera spicata fixed as much nitrogen as lucerne during the first year, but was only half as productive as lucerne during the second year. Lotononis bainesii added as much nitrogen as Indigofera spicata, while smaller amounts were fixed by Desmodium uncinatum and Stylosanthes bojeri. It is likely that nitrogen fixation by Lotononis bainesii, Desmodium uncinatum, and Stylosanthes bojeri was restricted by strains of Rhizobium that were not fully effective. Paspalum commersonii Lam. was grown in association with four of the legumes. White clover was the most efficient nitrogen donor in the first year and Desmodium uncinatum was superior to the other legumes during the second year. The proportion of nitrogen transferred to the grass over two years was only 0.6 to 1.7 per cent of total fixation. Some possible reasons for this result are discussed.

Agronomic evaluation of white clover selected for increased floral condensed tannin

2003 ◽  
pp. 139-145
Author(s):  
V.T. Burggraaf ◽  
P.D. Kemp ◽  
E.R. Thom ◽  
G.C. Waghorn ◽  
D.R. Woodfield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
First Year ◽  
Agronomic Performance ◽  
Flowering Season ◽  
Agronomic Evaluation ◽  
Point Density

The agronomic performance of an experimental white clover (HT) selection bred for increased floral condensed tannin (CT) production and extended flowering season was compared with Grasslands Huia white clover, under dairy cow grazing in the Waikato. Pure clover swards were sown at 5 kg/ha in autumn 2001. Seedling establishment was better in HT than Huia, but stolon growing point densities from January 2002 to May 2003 were 13 to 62% greater in Huia than HT. Huia swards had higher clover contents than HT, and produced 0.8 t/ha more DM (dry matter) in the first year. CT concentr ations in the flower heads varied over the season, but were similar in the two clovers (1 to 8% of DM). Higher flower densities in HT resulted in higher clover CT concentrations (peak of 0.6 vs 1.2 % of DM for Huia and HT, r espectively). Further testing is required to determine any effects of HT on animal performance. Keywords: condensed tannins, flowering, growing point density, Trifolium repens, white clover

Four-year leys: the inclusion of red clover: first year management

1939 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 164-173
Author(s):  
F. H. Garner ◽  
H. G. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
First Year ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Late Flowering ◽  
Harvest Year ◽  
Summer Grazing

1. Two experiments have been carried out on the Cambridge University Farm to test the desirability of including late-flowering red clover in the seeds mixture in the case of a 4-year ley, and to compare grazing with cutting for hay in the first harvest year.2. The majority of the red clover survived for the first 2 years, during which it increased the yield of dry matter very markedly; it did not lead to any reduction of yield in the last 2 years. By producing an early cover of the ground red clover checked the encroachment of weeds; although it reduced the proportion of wild white clover in the herbage in the later years, the reduction was not serious.3. Where the young plants were well established at the time, and normal weather conditions were experienced, grazing was definitely preferable to cutting for hay during the first harvest year. Where the plants were slow in establishing themselves, and in a superlatively dry spring and summer, grazing checked the development of the sward too much, and cutting for hay gave much better results.

The productivity of irrigated legumes in northern Victoria. 2. Effect of grazing management

2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 1577 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. B. Kelly ◽  
C .R. Stockdale ◽  
W. K. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
First Year ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Persian Clover

The productivity of irrigated white (Trifolium repens L.) and red (Trifolium pratense L.) clover swards was compared in an experiment of more than 3 years duration. It was hypothesised that white clover would be more productive than red clover when defoliation was frequent and intense, and less productive when defoliation was infrequent and lax. The experiment was a factorial design involving 2 species of clover [white clover (cv. Haifa) and red clover (cv. Redquin)], 2 grazing frequencies and 2 grazing intensities (with the criteria for both being based on quantities of herbage present before/after grazing). There were 4 extra treatments sown: perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv. Grasslands Nui) and white clover (cv. Haifa), lucerne (Medicago sativa L. cv. Validor), Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L. cv. Maral) or subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Trikkala), but only 1 defoliation treatment was used for each of these treatemnts. There were 4 replicated blocks of all treatments. Apparent growth rates [calculated from measurements of dry matter (DM) removed by grazing] of white clover ranged from a low of 10 kg DM/ha.day in winter to a high of 70 kg DM/ha.day in summer. The growth rates of white clover swards were superior to those of ryegrass and white clover swards over summer, but were generally lower from May to October. In 2 of the 4 years, frequent grazing of white clover resulted in greater (P<0.05) production than infrequent grazing (average of 12.8 v. 10.7 t DM/ha) whereas intensity of grazing only affected DM net accumulation in the first year (P<0.05). The data show no evidence of a decline in productivity over time. Sward structure of white clover was influenced by grazing treatment with the numerically highest yielding treatment (frequent and hard) having the highest density of stolon tips (vegetative buds). In relation to days of regrowth, the frequently grazed treatment had higher levels of net photosynthesis in spring and summer compared with the infrequently grazed treatment. The frequently grazed treatment achieved positive carbon balance immediately after grazing and reached maximum levels of photosynthesis at 8–10 days, whereas the infrequent treatment showed negative carbon balance for the first 2–3 days after grazing with maximum photosynthesis being achieved later than in the frequently grazed treatment. When net photosynthesis was related to leaf area, there were fewer differences between the 2 treatments. The exception was in spring when photosynthesis was lowest where the initial leaf area was highest in the infrequent and hard treatment. Maximum photosynthesis was achieved at diminishing leaf area index from spring through to winter. Red clover was the most productive legume in the first year after establishment, but it did not persist beyond the second year and its DM net accumulation was reduced by more frequent grazing (12.4 v. 15.3 t DM/ha in the first year and 6.1 v. 9.1 t DM/ha in the second year; P<0.05). The DM net accumulation of lucerne was greater than that in any other treatment (an average of 16.7 t DM/ha in the 2 completed years), whereas the annual legumes, subterranean clover and Persian clover, averaged 6.6 and 10.7 t DM/ha.year, respectively. The seasonal growth rate data showed that lucerne had very good summer production whereas the annuals tended to be at least as good as the perennials from May to October.

scholarly journals White clover soil seed loads: effect on requirements and resultant success of cultivar-change crops

1990 ◽  
pp. 95-98
Author(s):  
P.T.P. Clifford ◽  
I.J. Baird ◽  
N. Grbavac ◽  
G.A. Sparks
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
First Generation ◽  
First Year ◽  
Science Centre ◽  
Buried Seed ◽  
Continued Use ◽  
Available Technology ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
Certification Requirements ◽  
White Clover Plant

A study was done at Canterbury Agriculture and Science Centre, Lincoln, New Zealand, to equate volunteer white clover plant establishment with the decay of the soil seed burden over time. A 5 season break without clover sowings, if coupled with either annual cultivation or herbicide removal of establishing volunteer plants, reduced contamination potential below that desired to meet certification requirements for first-generation seed crops. 'Buried-seed counts' taken after the last deep cultivation for the change crop should be in the O-3 seeds per 50 cores range for breeders' and basic crops and 4-6 per 50 cores for first-generation crops. Sowings to produce breeders' and basic seed must be in 45-cm row spacings to facilitate inter-row herbicide elimination of volunteers. Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Seed Testing Station data on 705 potential change crop sites over 5 seasons, indicated that for breeders basic and first generation, only 31% and 50% of paddocks respectively fell within these ranges, justifying the continued use of this measure as an indicator of potential for success. For the 1989-90 season, 17% of the 182 first-year autumn-sown cultivar-change certification entries were withdrawn because of poor establishment and/or weed problems, 3% for wrong sowing methods obviating inspection a n d 5 % w e r e r e j e c t e d b e c a u s e o f contamination. Currently, the major limitation to growing high yielding white clover change crops, particularly of small-leaved cultivars, is in making seed multipliers aware of available technology. Keywords: white clover, contamination, buried seed, volunteer plants, certification

BEHAVIOUR AND EFFECTIVENESS OF BEES IN POLLINATING LEGUMES

1974 ◽  
pp. 105-110
Author(s):  
I.W. Forster
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Potential Maximum ◽  
Open Fields

One honeybee or bumblebee working on each square metre of white clover or red clover gave adequate pollination. This could be obtained with one hive of honeybees to each three hectares of flowering clover. Lucerne seeding averaged only 10% of the potential maximum in open fields with honey- or bumblebees. In cages where honeybees were forced to gather pollen, this was raised to 30% but it was not possible to increase seed set significantly in the fields.

THE PERFORMANCE OF 'GRASSLANDS MATUA' PRAIRIE GRASS IN THE SOUTHERN NORTH ISLAND

1977 ◽  
pp. 148-155
Author(s):  
G.J.Rys I.M. Ritchie ◽  
R.G. Smith ◽  
N.A. Thomson ◽  
G. Crouchley ◽  
W. Stiefel
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Annual Production ◽  
Lower Yield ◽  
Prairie Grass

The performance of 'Grasslands Matua' prairie grass (Bromus catharticus) was compared with perennial ryegrasses under mowing or grazing in three trials conducted in the southern North Island. Production of Matua under mowing at Flock House and Waimate West was 13% and 19% greater than G.4708 and Nui ryegrass, respectively, with the extra production contributed in summer and winter. At Masterton no difference between Matua and Ariki ryegrass production occurred under grazing. A 31% increase in annual production was recorded for both Matua and G.4708 swards receiving N, compared with those sown with white clover, with the annual yield of G.4708 receiving N similar to Matua receiving no N. Less frequent defoliation increased production of Matua swards by 17% and the Matua component by 38%. Production of Nui in comparison with Matua swards was 14% lower under frequent and 9% lower under infrequent defoliation. Similar production was recorded from red clover under frequent, and infrequent defoliation for both Nui and Matua swards. A 48% lower yield of white clover occurred under infrequent defoliation of Matua swards. At Masterton a higher incidence of goitre in newborn lambs, accompanied by a 12% lower lamb liveweight at weaning, occurred on Matua- compared with Ariki-based swards. Aspects of seasonal production, fertility response, management, and animal health are discussed.

Genetic variation for rate of establishment in caucasian clover

1998 ◽  
pp. 213-217
Author(s):  
K.H. Widdup ◽  
T.L. Knight ◽  
C.J. Waters
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Trifolium Ambiguum ◽  
Root Dry Weight

Slow establishment of caucasian clover (Trifolium ambiguum L.) is hindering the use of this legume in pasture mixtures. Improved genetic material is one strategy of correcting the problem. Newly harvested seed of hexaploid caucasian clover germplasm covering a range of origins, together with white and red clover and lucerne, were sown in 1 m rows in a Wakanui soil at Lincoln in November 1995. After 21 days, the caucasian clover material as a group had similar numbers of emerged seedlings as white clover and lucerne, but was inferior to red clover. There was wide variation among caucasian clover lines (48-70% seedling emergence), with the cool-season selection from cv. Monaro ranked the highest. Recurrent selection at low temperatures could be used to select material with improved rates of seedling emergence. Red clover and lucerne seedlings produced significantly greater shoot and root dry weight than caucasian and white clover seedlings. Initially, caucasian clover seedlings partitioned 1:1 shoot to root dry weight compared with 3:1 for white clover. After 2 months, caucasian clover seedlings had similar shoot growth but 3 times the root growth of white clover. Between 2 and 5 months, caucasian clover partitioned more to root and rhizome growth, resulting in a 0.3:1 shoot:root ratio compared with 2:1 for white clover. Both clover species had similar total dry weight after 5 months. Unhindered root/ rhizome devel-opment is very important to hasten the establishment phase of caucasian clover. The caucasian clover lines KZ3 and cool-season, both selections from Monaro, developed seedlings with greater shoot and root growth than cv. Monaro. KZ3 continued to produce greater root growth after 5 months, indicating the genetic potential for improvement in seedling growth rate. Different pasture estab-lishment techniques are proposed that take account of the seedling growth characteristics of caucasian clover. Keywords: establishment, genetic variation, growth, seedling emergence, Trifolium ambiguum

EVALUATION OF CLOVERS ON SANDY COASTAL SOIL

1977 ◽  
pp. 130-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.M. Williams ◽  
L.B. Anderson ◽  
B.M. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Commercial Cultivars ◽  
Mediterranean Origin ◽  
Winter Annual

In evaluations of clover performances on summer-dry Himatangi sandy soil, it was found that none could match lucerne over summer. Emphasis was therefore placed on production in autumn-winter- early spring when lucerne growth was slow. Evaluations of some winter annual clover species suggested that Trifolium spumosum, T. pallidum, T. resupinatum, and T. vesiculosum would justify further investigation, along with T. subterraneum which is already used in pastures on this soil type. Among the perennial clover species, Kenya white clover (7'. semipilosum) showed outstanding recovery from drought and was the only species to produce significantly in autumn. However, it failed to grow in winter-early spring. Within red clover, materials of New Zealand x Moroccan origin substantially outproduced the commercial cultivars. Within white clover, material from Israel, Italy and Lebanon, as well as progeny of a selected New Zealand plant, showed more rapid recovery from drought stress and subsequently better winter growth than New Zealand commercial material ('Grasslands Huia'). The wider use of plant material of Mediterranean origin and of plants collected in New Zealand dryland pastures is advocated in development of clover cultivars for New Zealand dryland situations.

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