Genetic polymorphism and evolution in parthenogenetic animals. IV. Triploid Otiorrhynchus salicis Ström (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

1976 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juhani Lokki ◽  
Pekka Lankinen ◽  
Anssi Saura ◽  
Esko Suomalainen
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Polymorphism ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Genetic Similarity ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Carpathian Mountains ◽  
Bisexual Population ◽  
Starch Gel

AbstractThe genetic variability at 20 enzyme loci in natural populations of Otiorrhynchus salicis Ström was studied by starch gel electrophoresis. Altogether 135 weevils were analyzed. The samples originated from a diploid bisexual population in Austria, from four triploid parthenogenetic populations in the Carpathian mountains, and from three triploid parthenogenetic populations in central Sweden. Altogether 16 different genotypes were found in triploid parthenogenetic populations. Two major types, comprising 39 out of the 76 parthenogenetic individuals, occur both in Scandinavia and in central Europe. The less frequent types can be derived from these through mutations. O. salicis is a flightless insect, which has been assumed to have overwintered the Würm glaciation in icefree refugia in Scandinavia. The overall genetic similarity found in the material suggests that the parthenogenetic race spread to its isolated Scandinavian area in postglacial times.

scholarly journals Genetic polymorphism and evolution in parthenogenetic animals: V. Triploid Adoxus obscurus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

1976 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juhani Lokki ◽  
Anssi Saura ◽  
Pekka Lankinen ◽  
Esko Suomalainen
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Polymorphism ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Enzyme Loci ◽  
Bisexual Population ◽  
Starch Gel

SUMMARYThe genetic variability at 16 enzyme loci in 52 Scandinavian triploid parthenogenetic populations of the beetle Adoxus obscurus has been studied by starch-gel electrophoresis. The overall genotypes of different beetles have been compared with each other and with a sample from a diploid bisexual population from Canada. Eighty per cent of the parthenogenetic beetles have the same overall genotype. The remainder belong to six genotypes, three of which are found in only one population. The variability within and between parthenogenetic populations of A. obscurus is much lower than in other comparable parthenogenetic insects studied by us. This is interpreted to be a consequence of the efficient migration of the genotypes with the highest fitness, leading to a replacement of less-adapted genotypes. A. obscurus is a flying insect, whereas the other parthenogenetic insects studied by us are sluggish flightless forms.

Intraspecific genetic variability of isozymes in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus tomentosus

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 588-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Zhu ◽  
Kenneth O. Higginbotham ◽  
Bruce P. Dancik ◽  
Stan Navratil
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Host Selection ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Genetic Similarity ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Habitat Isolation ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Enzyme Systems ◽  
Forest Regions ◽  
Starch Gel

Mycelial extracts of 43 isolates of Suillus tomentosus (Kauffm.) Singer, Snell & Dick collected from four boreal forest regions in Alberta were subjected to starch gel electrophoresis. A total of 21 bands was resolved from eight different enzyme systems presumably representing 13 loci. Six loci were polymorphic among these isolates. Cluster and principal components analyses demonstrated that intraspecific genetic variability of this fungus existed among and within forest regions. Polymorphic loci of acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase exhibited the greatest genetic similarity among the isolates within forest regions. Habitat isolation and host selection could be the major sources of genetic variation among forest regions.

Genetic variability in natural populations of the gray wolf, Canis lupus

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 1183-1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phyllis K. Kennedy ◽  
Michael L. Kennedy ◽  
Peter L. Clarkson ◽  
Ilme S. Liepins
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Spatial Heterogeneity ◽  
Canis Lupus ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Gray Wolf ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Gray Wolves ◽  
Starch Gel

The genetic variability of gray wolves (Canis lupus) from northwestern Canada was assessed through starch-gel electrophoresis. Of 27 protein systems examined, 25, representing 37 presumptive loci, were consistently scorable; 7 proteins (5 were consistently scorable) exhibited polymorphism. The level of heterozygosity (3.0%) was medial relative to values reported for natural populations of Carnivora and high relative to values reported for natural populations of canids. An overall pattern of few deviations from Hardy–Weinberg expectations and some spatial heterogeneity was observed. Wolves associated with different caribou herds exhibited a low level of differentiation (FST = 0.029). The pattern of variability supports the view of a large panmictic population resulting from extensive movements of individuals and packs and from natural and human impacts on pack structure and formation.

scholarly journals GENETIC POLYMORPHISM AND EVOLUTION IN PARTHENOGENETIC ANIMALS. I. POLYPLOID CURCULIONIDAE

Genetics ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-508
Author(s):  
Esko Suomalainen ◽  
Anssi Saura
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Polymorphism ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Hybrid Origin ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Different Populations

ABSTRACT The genetic variability at enzyme loci in different triploid and tetraploid parthenogenetic weevil populations has been elucidated by starch gel electrophoresis. The overall genotype of individual weevils belonging to different populations has been determined for over 25 loci. The results are compared with those obtained for diploid bisexual races of either the same or closely related species. The variation within a parthenogenetic population differs from that in diploid, sexually reproducing populations, i.e. the allele frequencies are not in a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The results indicate that apomictic parthenogenetic populations can differentiate genetically. The genotypes within a population resemble each other more than genotypes belonging to different populations. It is evident that evolution still continues-even if slowed down—in parthenogenetic weevils. A comparison between the allele relationships in geographically isolated polyploid parthenogenetic populations and related diploid bisexual forms does not support the hypothetical hybrid origin of parthenogenesis and polyploidy in weevils. Parthenogenesis within a parthenogenetic weevil species is evidently monophyletic.

Isozyme Variation in Broom Snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae)

Weed Science ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 156-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanglin Hou ◽  
Tracy M. Sterling
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Isozyme Analysis ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Enzyme Systems ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Gutierrezia Sarothrae

Broom snakeweed, a perennial rangeland shrub, is highly variable morphologically and can grow under a broad range of environmental conditions. In this study, isozyme analysis using starch gel electrophoresis was used to quantify genetic variability within and among New Mexico populations of broom snakeweed. Eight separate populations of broom snakeweed and one population of threadleaf snakeweed as a comparison were investigated. of the 10 enzyme systems examined, 16 loci were identified in eight populations and two species. Eleven loci were monomorphic in eight populations and two species and five loci were polymorphic in at least one population or species. Genetic variability was large in broom and threadleaf snakeweed populations as determined by isozyme analysis. Genetic variability among broom snakeweed populations was greater than that within populations for the five polymorphic loci. Cluster analysis of genetic distance and identity for the eight populations and two species characterized two major groups. Within broom snakeweed, cluster analysis characterized five groups. The two species shared most common alleles. The genetic variation identified in this research may account for the morphological differences and broad geographical distribution of broom snakeweed.

Genetic polymorphism in populations of Akodon rodents

1985 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliana I. Apfelbaum ◽  
Antonio Blanco
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Polymorphism ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Group I ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Akodon Azarae ◽  
Rodent Populations ◽  
Very High ◽  
Variable Group

By means of starch gel electrophoresis, 16–20 loci coding for enzymes and hemoglobin have been investigated in six population samples of Akodon dolores, captured in a single site of the Córdoba province (Argentina) during a 3-year period and in three samples of an Akodon azarae population. Proportion of polymorphic loci (P) ranged from 0.278 to 0.389 in A. dolores and from 0.166 to 0.300 in A. azarae. Mean heterozygosity (H) ranged from 0.138 to 0.192 in A. dolores and from 0.099 to 0.118 in A. azarae. These values are very high compared with those reported for northern hemisphere rodent populations. The high value is remarkable since the loci sample is biased towards the less variable (group I) enzymes.Key words: polymorphism, Akodon, heterozygosity, isozymes.

Allozyme differentiation among gopher tortoises (Gopherus): conservation genetics and phylogenetic and taxonomic implications

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (9) ◽  
pp. 1665-1671 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Morafka ◽  
Gustavo Aguirre L. ◽  
Robert W. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Genetic Similarity ◽  
Species Variation ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Direct Count ◽  
Allopatric Populations ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Taxonomic Implications ◽  
Weinberg Expectation

The genetic diversity among 18 loci within and among four species of gopher tortoises was investigated using horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. Within species variation ranged from 2 to 4% by direct count and from 2 to 8% by Hardy–Weinberg expectation. Of the loci resolved, 11–22% expressed variation. The northern and southern populations of Gopherus flavomarginatus could not be distinguished. No fixed differences were observed between G. agassizii and G. berlandieri, as reflected in a Nei genetic distance of 0.008. These latter species may be little more than allopatric populations of G. agassizii. Differentiation between the two remaining species was not extensive; G. polyphemus was only slightly distinct from G. flavomarginatus, being separated by a Nei genetic distance of only 0.006. The two pairs of species were separated by an average genetic distance of 0.200. The evolutionary rates of divergence were observed to be unequal, especially between G. polyphemus and G. flavomarginatus. The overall genetic similarity suggests a relatively recent age of origin.

Genotypic Diversity of Kikuyugrass (Pennisetum clandestinum) Populations in California

Weed Science ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl A. Wilen ◽  
Jodie S. Holt ◽  
Norman C. Ellstrand ◽  
Ruth G. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
Clonal Reproduction ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Geographic Locations ◽  
Starch Gel

Using starch gel electrophoresis, we examined the genetic variability of kikuyugrass collected from three golf course sites within its geographical range in California. These experiments were conducted to determine the method of spread of kikuyugrass in areas where it is considered invasive. Samples from roughs and fairways of each of these locations were compared. of the 354 plants examined, 12 different genotypes were identified by isozyme analysis, and only three of the nine putative loci varied among the genotypes. Two genotypes, representing 73% of the plants examined, were found at all three geographic locations. Our results imply that under common golf course practices, kikuyugrass is maintained by clonal reproduction. We conclude that low genetic variation does not preclude a plant species from being an aggressive invader.

Biochemical Genetics of Fundulus heteroclitus (L.): V. Inheritance of 10 Biochemical Loci

1988 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 359-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Brown ◽  
I. J. Ropson ◽  
D. A. Powers
Keyword(s):  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Fundulus Heteroclitus ◽  
Tissue Specificity ◽  
Intracellular Localization ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Biochemical Genetics ◽  
Linkage Groups ◽  
Electrophoretic Variants ◽  
Starch Gel

Abstract Starch gel electrophoresis has shown that natural populations of Fundulus heteroclitus have electrophoretic variants for at least 21 loci. We provide inheritance data for 10 polymorphic systems: esterases (Est-B, EST-C, and Est-D); aspartate amlnotransferases (Aat-A, and Aat-B); mannosephosphate isomerase (Mpl-A); acid phosphatase (Ap-A); phosphoglucomutase (Pgm-B); hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6pdh-A); and fumarase (Fum-A). Variants for nine of these loci segregate as autosomally inherited codominant alleles. The other system, EST-C, does not reflect such inheritance. We have identified two possible linkage groups: H6pdh-A may be loosely linked to Pgm-B, and Fum-A appears to be linked to Pgm-A. Tissue specificity and intracellular localization for all these loci are also presented.

GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG REPRESENTATIVE POPULATIONS OF FIVE CHORISTONEURA SPECIES: C. OCCIDENTALIS, C. RETINIANA, C. BIENNIS, C. LAMBERTIANA, AND C. FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1981 ◽  
Vol 113 (9) ◽  
pp. 857-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Stock ◽  
P. J. Castrovillo
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Genetic Similarity ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Individual Gene ◽  
Starch Gel

AbstractThe genetic make-up of representative populations of five Choristoneura species was compared using starch gel electrophoresis. Species included C. occidentalis Freeman from Idaho, C. biennis Freeman from British Columbia, C. retiniana (Walsingham) (= C. viridis Freeman) from Oregon, C. lambertiana ponderosana Obraztsov from Colorado, and C. fumiferana (Clemens) from Maine. When variation at individual gene loci was examined, intraspecific variation was often as great, and sometimes greater, than interspecific variation and few significant differences were noted among the species. The highest levels of overall genetic similarity occurred among C. occidentalis, C. biennis, and C. retiniana. Relatively greater genetic distances were found between this group and C. lambertiana and C. fumiferana. C. fumiferana was most distantly related to all other groups. Genetic identity values fell within the range more commonly associated with conspecific populations rather than with separate species.

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