Let whose people go? Subjecthood, sovereignty, liberation, and legalism in eighteenth-century Russo-Ottoman relations

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Will Smiley
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Release Processes

This article considers the relationship between law, diplomacy, and identity in delineating slavery and freedom in the Black Sea imperial milieu. Examining the release processes for captives which followed each of the many wars between the Ottoman and Russian empires in the eighteenth century, I argue that these matters were increasingly handled according to written and unwritten legal understandings, rather than through ransoms or threats. The two empires agreed that the Ottoman state would set free enslaved Russian subjects, even those in private hands, but also that the Russians would not demand the release of others. This discussion, therefore, offers a window on the legalization of international relations, and on the growing importance of individuals’ relationship with central states. Moreover, these understandings endured, consciously or unconsciously, into the nineteenth century, arguably shaping Russo-Ottoman and Ottoman-European relations on issues of intervention and the slave trade.

Hearing the Crimean War

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Sound Studies ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Crimean War ◽  
National Unity ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Academic Fields ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many

This book addresses the sounds of the Crimean War, along with the many ways nineteenth-century wartime is aurally constructed. It examines wide-ranging experiences of listeners in Britain, France, Turkey, Russia, Italy, Poland, Latvia, Daghestan, Chechnya, and Crimea, illustrating the close interplay between nineteenth-century geographies of empire and the modes by which wartime sound was archived and heard. This book covers topics including music in and around war zones, the mediation of wartime sound, the relationship between sound and violence, and the historiography of listening. Individual chapters concern sound in Leo Tolstoy’s wartime writings, and his place within cosmopolitan sensibilities; the role of the telegraph in constructing sonic imaginations in London and the Black Sea region; the absence of archives for the sounds of particular ethnic groups, and how songs preserve memories for both Crimean Tatars and Polish nationalists; the ways in which perceptions of voice rearranged the mental geographies of Baltic Russia, and undermined aspirations to national unity in Italy; Italian opera as a means of conditioning elite perceptions of Crimean battlefields; and historical frames through which to understand the diffusion of violent sounds amid everyday life. The volume engages the academic fields of musicology, ethnomusicology, history, literary studies, sound studies, and the history of the senses.

scholarly journals The Westphalian model and sovereign equality

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 641-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER M. R. STIRK
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Sovereign Equality ◽  
Normative Principle ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Second World

AbstractAlthough the Westphalian model takes many forms the association of Westphalian and sovereign equality is a prominent one. This article argues firstly that sovereign equality was not present as a normative principle at Westphalia. It argues further that while arguments for sovereign equality were present in the eighteenth century they did not rely on, or even suggest, a Westphalian provenance. It was, for good reasons, not until the late nineteenth century that the linkages of Westphalia and sovereign equality became commonplace, and even then sovereign equality and its linkage with Westphalia were disputed. It was not until after the Second World War, notably through the influential work of Leo Gross that the linkage of Westphalia and sovereign equality became not only widely accepted, but almost undisputed until quite recently. The article concludes by suggesting that not only did Gross bequeath a dubious historiography but that this historiography is an impediment to contemporary International Relations.

The construction of Xerxes' bridge over the Hellespont

1996 ◽  
Vol 116 ◽  
pp. 88-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.G.L. Hammond ◽  
L.J. Roseman
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Engineer ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Classical Scholar ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Relationship

The bridging of the Hellespont by Xerxes was a unique achievement. How was it done? The Chorus of Elders in Aeschylus' Persians expressed their wonder at ‘the flax-bound raft’, and Herodotus described the construction of the two bridges, each with warships as pontoons, with cables well over a kilometre long, and with a roadway capable of carrying a huge army. Classical scholars have generally found these accounts inadequate and even inexplicable, especially in regard to the relationship between the pontoons and the cables. The Hellespont has strong currents which vary in their direction, turbulent and often stormy waters, and exposure to violent winds, blowing sometimes from the Black Sea and sometimes from the Mediterranean. How were the warships moored in order to face the currents and withstand the gales? Did the warships form a continuous platform, or was each ship free to move in response to weather conditions? What was the function of the enormous cables? How and where were they made? Did they bind the pontoons together? Did they carry the roadway? How were they fixed at the landward ends? This article attempts an answer to these questions through the collaboration of a classical scholar and a mechanical engineer.

The Captives

2020 ◽  
pp. 98-106
Author(s):  
Adam Teller
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Distant Hope ◽  
Good Price

This chapter details the journey of the Jewish captives from Ukraine to the Tatar homeland of Crimea. By the time of the uprising, Jews in Ukraine were well aware of the dangers of the Black Sea slave trade. It is impossible even to estimate how many Jews were captured during the period from 1648 to 1667. Not all those taken by the Tatars actually made it to the slave market, killed either by their captors or by the traveling conditions. The chapter then looks at the experiences of the Jewish captives. For most Jews, being taken captive meant that they had lost everything. The realities of captivity were harsh: they were tied together with ropes or straps made out of animal hides, and many had little more than the clothes they stood up in. Ahead of them lay a long, difficult, and even dangerous journey during which they were at the mercy of their captors, who would not hesitate to kill them if they could no longer fetch a good price on the market. Even though they knew about the possibility of being ransomed at the end of their ordeal, it must have seemed a very distant hope.

The Opium Wars

Jazz in China ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Eugene Marlow
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Unrestricted Access ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Many ◽  
Opium Wars

In the late 1910s, 1920s, and even into the 1930s, “jazz” was the music of the age in the Republic of China, especially and primarily in Shanghai on China's east coast. It was enjoyed equally by sophisticated Chinese gentry and upper-class people in the many dance halls dotting various parts of Shanghai, and by the many Europeans, Russians, and Americans living and working in the so-called “Paris of the East.” These same foreigners also owned pieces of Shanghai, literally. This chapter asks how several foreign nations came to own sections of Shanghai, and have unrestricted access to numerous key ports throughout China's eastern coast? The answer to these questions can be found in a conflict initially between the British (and ultimately the French, Russians, and Americans) and the Chinese in the mid-nineteenth century: the Opium Wars, two wars that had roots in late eighteenth-century China.

Air and Odour

2019 ◽  
pp. 67-87
Author(s):  
William Tullett
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Environmental Medicine ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Sense Of Smell ◽  
Royal Institution ◽  
Airborne Disease ◽  
The Relationship

Starting with the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s experience of the Royal Institution lectures of 1802, this chapter sets out the relationship between smell, chemistry, and environmental medicine in the period from the 1660s to the 1820s. Putridity and putrefaction had long been associated with bad smell, but what the chemical investigations of the mid-eighteenth century succeeded in doing was separating the stink of putridity from its unhealthy qualities. Eudiometers, devices for measuring the quality of air that enjoyed a short vogue in the later eighteenth century, were one way of replacing the, now untrustworthy, sense of smell. Ultimately smell became a useful analogy for thinking about airborne disease or contagious particles, but by the early nineteenth century most physicians and chemists no longer believed that all smell was disease.

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