PCA of Cites Listed Pterocarpus Santalinus (Leguminosae) Wood

IAWA Journal ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian R. MacLachlan ◽  
Peter Gasson
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Eastern India ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Pterocarpus Santalinus ◽  
Medicinal Properties ◽  
Anatomical Characters ◽  
Red Sanders ◽  
Comparative Wood Anatomy ◽  
Comparative Description

Pterocarpus santalinus L. f. is endemic to south eastern India where it is known as ‘red sandal wood’ or ‘red sanders wood’. A highly valued timber for its structural and medicinal properties P. santalinus is listed under CITES Appendix II, reflecting the possibility of extinction should unregulated trade continue. Currently timber identification uses comparative wood anatomy. Some P. santalinus specimens are very distinct from closely related species, but this is not always the case. PCA was applied to data on 17 wood anatomical characters and one physical character of several Pterocarpus species including P. santalinus. A comparative description of P. santalinus is presented using the same data as PCA. The primary quantitative outcome was discrete clustering of P. santalinus in PCA axes scores plots, distinguishing it from the other included species. PCA eigenvector data indicated which characters were responsible for the greatest amount of variance in the data set. With simple modifications PCA has considerable potential in quantitative wood anatomy as a complementary technique to comparative wood anatomy for the identification of cryptic wood specimens.

scholarly journals Anatomía comparada del leño de Maytenus en el Noroeste de Argentina (Sudamérica)

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana María Giménez ◽  
Juana Graciela Moglia ◽  
M. E. Figueroa ◽  
J. A. Díaz-Zírpolo ◽  
Federico Calatayu
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Northwestern Argentina ◽  
Diameter Fibre ◽  
Microscopic Features ◽  
Anatomical Characters ◽  
Comparative Wood Anatomy

Comparative wood anatomy of Maytenus in Northwestern Argentina (South America)This paper is a comparative wood anatomy study of four species of the genus Maytenus living in Northwest Argentina: Maytenus vitisidaea, M. viscifolia, M. spinosa and M. cuezzoi. The specimens were collected in Santiago del Estero and Salta, Argentina and wood samples are safeguarded in the collection of the LAM (Laboratory of Wood Anatomy), Faculty of Forestry of Santiago del Estero University (UNSE), Argentina. The terminology used followed the IAWA List of Microscopic Features for Hardwood Identification. The diagnostic features of wood anatomical characters were evaluated by employing statistical methods such as Cluster Analysis (CA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). PCA showed vessel diameter, fibre wall, and ray width to be significant variables. CA showed M. cuezzoi and M. viscifolia to have the highest affinity.Anatomía comparada del leño de Maytenus en el Noroeste de Argentina (Sudamérica)El presente trabajo es un estudio de anatomía comparada de madera de cuatro especies del género Maytenus del Noroeste Argentino:Maytenus vitis-idaea, M. viscifolia, M. spinosa y M. cuezzoi. Las muestras fueron recolectadas en Santiago del Estero y Salta, Argentinay se salvaguardan en la colección del LAM (Laboratorio de Anatomía de Madera), Facultad de Ciencias Forestales de la Universidad deSantiago del Estero (UNSE), Argentina. Se empleó la terminología de IAWA (Lista de caracteres anatómicos del xilema de angiospermas).Los caracteres anatómicos de madera fueron evaluados mediante métodos estadísticos tales como análisis de conglomerados (AC) y elAnálisis de Componentes Principales (PCA). El PCA mostró como variables significativas el diámetro de vasos, el espesor de pared de lasfibras y el ancho de radios. El CA mostró que M. cuezzoi y M. viscifolia tienen alta afinidad específica.

Comparative wood anatomy of eight tree species of Mimosa sect. Batocaulon (Leguminosae) distributed in Mexico and their taxonomic implications

Phytotaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 428 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-227
Author(s):  
SUSANA ADRIANA MONTAÑO-ARIAS ◽  
ROSAURA GRETHER ◽  
SARA LUCÍA CAMARGO-RICALDE ◽  
MARÍA HILDA FLORES-OLVERA
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Colour Figure ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Taxonomic Implications ◽  
Anatomical Characters ◽  
Crystal Sand ◽  
Comparative Wood Anatomy ◽  
Stem Fragment ◽  
Section Level

The great diversity of the genus Mimosa and the difficulty in the circumscription of its species and varieties based on morphology have encouraged the search for characters in other sources of evidence such as wood anatomy, which provides characters of taxonomic importance. The main objective of this study was to identify characters with taxonomic value for Mimosa; we studied the wood anatomy of eight tree species in Mimosa sect. Batocaulon from Mexico: Mimosa acantholoba, M. bahamensis, M. benthamii, M. hexandra, M. leucaenoides, M. tejupilcana, M. tenuiflora, and M. texana belonging to eight series: Acantholobae, Bahamenses, Distachyae, Bimucronatae, Leucaenoideae, Plurijugae, Leiocarpae and Boreales, respectively. One stem fragment (80 cm in length) was collected at 80 cm above soil height, from three plants per species. Twenty-five measurements were taken per individual for 15 anatomical characters. Three species have ring-porous wood and five species have diffuse-porous wood; the species differ in colour, figure, in the prevalence of a certain type of axial parenchyma, in the tangential diameter of the earlywood vessels, in the number of vessels connected by confluent-aliform parenchyma, in the number of series of rays and in the presence or absence of crystal sand in the ray cells. These characters have taxonomic value at species level, but not at series level. At the section level, the presence of homocellular rays distinguished Batocaulon from other sections of the genus. Based on these results, we produced a wood anatomical identification key to the eight studied species.

UTILITY OF WOOD ANATOMICAL CHARACTERS IN CLADISTIC ANALYSES

IAWA Journal ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick S. Herendeen ◽  
Regis B. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Cladistic Analyses ◽  
Anatomical Characters ◽  
Common Problems ◽  
Informative Character

Wood anatomy is an important source of systematically informative character information that can and should be used in cladistic phylogenetic analyses of relationships in flowering plants. However, the results of a cladistic analysis are only as good as the characters and observations, which together comprise the data set that is analyzed. The goal of this paper is to address the former of these issues, specifically the definition and use of wood anatomical characters in cladistic analyses. We first provide a brief introduction to the principles of cladistics. We then discuss the standard IAWA List of wood anatomical characters, which are defined primarily for identification, and recast them in a format that is more appropriate for cladistic analysis. As a means of illustrating some common problems and their possible solutions, we conclude with a brief discussion of recent cladistic analyses that have included wood anatomical characters.

Commentary: Typology, Homology, and Homoplasy in Comparative Wood Anatomy

IAWA Journal ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark E. Olson
Keyword(s):  
Structure Function ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Wood Identification ◽  
Ecological Wood Anatomy ◽  
Main Thrust ◽  
Evolutionary Studies ◽  
Anatomical Characters ◽  
Nested Hierarchy ◽  
Comparative Wood Anatomy

Comparative wood anatomy consists of two main efforts: wood identification and evolutionary studies. Evolutionary studies can be divided into two main areas: systematic wood anatomy and ecological wood anatomy. The goal of wood identification is the association of a name with a sample; that of systematic wood anatomy is the discovery of the nested hierarchy of synapomorphies that characterize the phylogeny of the woody plants; the main thrust of ecological wood anatomy has been to identify structure- function relationships that have evolved repeatedly across clades. Wood anatomical characters can be divided into three types: typological, homologous, and homoplasious. Wood identification can and should use all three types; systematic wood anatomy must focus on homologies; homologies may be of interest to ecological wood anatomy, but homoplasies have been its principal focus. The use of typological characters developed for wood identification can produce misleading results in studies of evolutionary wood anatomy and must be avoided. Robust phylogenies are important for discovering wood anatomical homologies and homoplasies; also important is the need to make explicit, testable hypotheses, and to identify the type of causation (ultimate or proximate) that is of interest for a given study.

A comparative study of the life histories of Nematodirus battus and N. filicollis, nematode parasites of sheep

Parasitology ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 49 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 374-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Basic Pattern ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
History Of ◽  
Comparative Description

1. The life history of N. battus is described, and a comparative description of the life history of N. filicollis is given.2. The life histories of these two species are compared with those of N. spathiger and N. helvetianus, two closely related species, and are shown to follow the same basic pattern, with minor variations in timing which appear to be specific in nature, and not related to differences in culture methods or host species.3. The pathogenesis of Nematodirus species is discussed and related to the migration of larvae into the intestinal mucosa during development.

Comparative wood anatomy of Eucryphia wilkiei and E. jinksii (Cunoniaceae): two narrow endemics from Queensland, Australia

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 739
Author(s):  
Imogen Poole ◽  
Richard W. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Australian Species ◽  
Anatomical Data ◽  
Narrow Endemics ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Comparative Wood Anatomy

Qualitative and quantitative wood anatomical data are given for two narrow Queensland endemic Eucryphia species, E. wilkiei B.Hyland and Eucryphia jinksii P.I.Forst. Comparisons of wood anatomy of all extant Eucryphia taxa show that E. jinksii and E. wilkiei are distinct from each other, and other Eucryphia species. However, for both species characters relating to perforation plates, helical thickening (E. wilkiei only) and fibres are shared with the South American species, whereas the presence of crystals in the axial parenchyma is shared only with the Australian species. These data suggest that, based on wood anatomy, E. jinksii and E. wilkiei are basal among Australian species.

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