Eponyms in the human heart anatomy

The present time is characterized by an increase in the pace of life, and medicine is no exception. Often, when analyzing the medical literature, specialists are faced with the fact that in different publications almost the same structure has a different name, which causes misunderstanding among specialists in various medical fields. This is especially true for clinicians who use the convenient anatomical names of fundamental scientists such as morphologists. As these names, terms from the International Anatomical Nomenclature are used, along with which, especially in clinical anatomy and medicine, eponymous names are accepted. The use of the latter can also be misunderstood, because eponyms are absent in modern anatomical terminology. However, additional knowledge of eponyms, along with common terms, gives the opportunity to look into the past and honor the memory of those who first described the structures. The paper attempts to systematize the names - eponyms of human heart structures. The need for such work exists because many structures have several eponymous names. In addition, if you arrange the terms in the chronological order of their occurrence, you can trace the main stages in the history of the human heart study. Despite the large number of eponymous names for the same structure and the doubtful attribution of some authors, the work lists only the most common eponyms in domestic and foreign literature, about the origin and authors of which reliable information was found. In 1955, at the IV International Congress of Anatomists in Paris (Paris Anatomical Nomenclature, PNA), eponymous names were excluded from the terminology. There are a number of objective reasons for this, but at the same time, the main function of eponyms is lost - the preservation and transmission to descendants the memory of major figures of medical science who made a significant contribution to its development. Therefore, despite the exclusion of eponyms from the official terminology, these terms are widely used today both at the departments of universities in the world, and in clinical literature and practice.

SYNONYMY IN ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY

The article addresses the issue of studying noun and adjective synonymy in the Latin anatomical terminology. Different views on the problem of noun and adjective synonymic relations in the anatomical terminology are considered. The complex of Latin nouns-synonyms, their signs and functional specifics are described. Latin terminological units are divided into three groups:1) absolute synonyms; 2) synonyms of varying compatibility; 3) quasi-synonyms. Group 1 includes absolute synonyms which have appeared due to the revision of anatomical nomenclature and are of the similar semantic meaning. Group 2 – nouns, often terminological pairs, having different compatibility in the anatomical terminology. The most numerous Group 3 includes the so-called quasi-synonyms – terms of similar meaning intended for differentiation of various anatomical notions. Meanwhile, it has been found that the signs of Latin quasi-synonyms differentiation in the anatomical terminology may vary greatly and contain an indication on the shape of an object, type of tissue, morphological similarity, object location, etc. Most often used synonymic adjectives are analysed. They have been found to belong to Group 2 of the classification above, since the choice of the term-adjective most commonly depends on the compatibility, that is on the noun it is related to.

Anatomical Terms in Jurgis Žilinskas’ Short Textbook of Osteology and Syndesmology

Medical terminology has an extensive and rich history in Latin and Greek languages. When Romans conquered Greece, the knowledge and language of both cultures merged, resulting in new medical concepts regarding disease treatment and containment. Medical records were chronicled by hand, creating medical terms and books. Although medical terms have been drawn from many languages, a large majority originate from Greek and Latin. Terms of Greek origin occur mainly in clinical terminology, while Latin terms make up the majority of anatomical terminology. Another reason for a large number of Greek medical terms is that the Greek language is quite suitable for building compound words. The article discusses the current state of anatomical terminology in Lithuania. The history of the Lithuanian nomenclature of anatomy dates back several centuries, during which the most frequently used Lithuanian anatomical terms were gradually developed. Every time, writing and publishing textbooks, methodological aids, and other anatomy books in the Lithuanian language, the authors interpreted various Latin anatomy terms in their own way and introduced new equivalents in the Lithuanian language. However, they often did not agree on the translation of various Latin terms into Lithuanian and their application to define various structures. The development and perfection of medical terminology is a long process. The most significant contribution in regulating Lithuanian anatomical terminology was made by Jurgis Žilinskas. The terms that we currently use can be found in his textbooks “Osteologija ir syndesmologija” (“Osteology and syndesmology”) (1932) and “Splanchnologija” (“Splanchnology”) (1934) (Litevkiene, Korosteliova 2012, 208). He initiated term regulation in his first textbook, “Lectures of Neurology” (1923), containing only Latin terms, well-formed according to Baseler’s nomenclature. The nomenclature of anatomy compiled by him was applied in other anatomy textbooks and the Dictionary of Medical Terms.

The Epic of the Thalamus in Anatomical Language

Understanding the origin of Greek and Latin words used as metaphors to label brain structures gives a unique window into how scientific and medical knowledge was produced, preserved, and transmitted through generations. The history of the term thalamus exemplifies the complex historical process that led to the current anatomical terminology. From its first mention by Galen of Pergamon in the 2nd century A.D. to its definitive and current use by Thomas Willis in 1664, the thalamus had an epical journey through 1500 years across Europe, the Middle East, and the North of Africa. The thalamus was confusingly described by Galen, in the Greek language, as a chamber to the brain ventricles. The term thalamus was transferred from Greek to Syriac through the translations of Galen’s books done in Baghdad and also from Syriac to Arabic. Then, it was translated in Europe during the Middle Ages from the Arabic versions of Galen’s books to Latin. Later, during the Early Renaissance, it was translated again to Latin directly from the Greek versions of Galen’s books. Along this epical journey through languages, the term thalamus switched from referring to a hollow structure connected to brain ventricles to naming a solid structure at the rostral end of the brainstem. Finally, the thalamus was translated from Latin to modern languages, where it is used, until today, to name a nuclear complex of subcortical gray matter in the lateral walls of the third ventricle.

Petrosal Anatomy of the Paleocene Eutherian Mammal Deltatherium fundaminis (Cope, 1881)

We describe the tympanic anatomy of the petrosal of Deltatherium fundaminis, an enigmatic Paleocene mammal based on cranial specimens recovered from New Mexico, U.S.A. Although the ear region of Deltatherium has previously been described, there has not been a comprehensive, well-illustrated contribution using current anatomical terminology. The dental and cranial anatomy of Deltatherium is a chimera, with morphological similarities to both ‘condylarth’ and ‘cimolestan’ taxa. As such, the phylogenetic relationships of this taxon have remained elusive since its discovery, and it has variably been associated with Arctocyonidae, Pantodonta and Tillodontia. The petrosal of Deltatherium is anteriorly bordered by an open space comprising a contiguous carotid opening and pyriform fenestra. The promontorium features both a small rostral tympanic process and small epitympanic wing but lacks well-marked sulci. A large ventral facing external aperture of the canaliculus cochleae is present and bordered posteriorly by a well-developed caudal tympanic process. The hiatus Fallopii opens on the ventral surface of the petrosal. The tegmen tympani is mediolaterally broad and anteriorly expanded, and its anterior margin is perforated by a foramen for the ramus superior of the stapedial artery. The tympanohyal is small but approximates the caudal tympanic process to nearly enclose the stylomastoid notch. The mastoid is widely exposed on the basicranium and bears an enlarged mastoid process, separate from the paraoccipital process. These new observations provide novel anatomical data corroborating previous hypotheses regarding the plesiomorphic eutherian condition but also reveal subtle differences among Paleocene eutherians that have the potential to help inform the phylogeny of Deltatherium.

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY IN UKRAINIAN TRANSLATED LEXICOGRAPHY OF THE 20–30 YEARS OF THE 20th CENTURY (on the material of the Russian-Ukrainian dictionary 1924–1933)

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the peculiarities of the reproduction of Ukrainian anatomical terminology in the common lexicographical works of the 20–30 years of the 20th century (on the material of the «Russian-Ukrainian dictionary» 1924–1933). It was decided to investigate the codification registers of this period, because then the basic principles for establishing the vocabulary of the Ukrainian literary language in general and terminology in particular were formed. 20–30 years of the 20th century is a time of comprehensive scientific study and codification of the norms of the Ukrainian language. The main approaches to the elaboration and introduction of terminology for the designation of anatomical concepts in the translated academic dictionary are generalized. To achieve this goal, a historiographical method was used (to study linguistic facts taking into account the historical and cultural situation) and a descriptive method (to characterize the collected factual material). Based on a detailed analysis of lexicographic registers of the dictionary, the main approaches to the translation of anatomical terms are identified. It was found that the main criteria when choosing a word for the dictionary was its distribution in the vernacular and compliance with the grammatical system of the Ukrainian literary language. It is determined that in the process of working with anatomical concepts, scientists: 1) critically analyzed the words recorded in terminological dictionaries that have appeared in Ukraine in recent years; 2) used borrowings from other languages when the Ukrainian language lacked a certain token; 3) tried to submit international terms without artificially translating into Ukrainian; 4) clarified the interpretation of terms by introducing examples from various sources. It is concluded that the common language «Russian-Ukrainian dictionary» of 1924–1933 laid the foundations for the entry of terms into the lexical system of general literary language. The prospect of further research is determined in the study of the comparative aspect of the introduction of anatomical terminology in the registers of common codification works of the first part of the 20th century.

Functional foregut anatomy of the blue–green sharpshooter illustrated using a 3D model

Sharpshooter leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae) are important vectors of the plant pathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al. (Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae). This pathogen causes economically significant diseases in olive, citrus, and grapes on multiple continents. Bacterial acquisition and inoculation mechanisms are linked to X. fastidiosa biofilm formation and fluid dynamics in the functional foregut of sharpshooters, which together result in egestion (expulsion) of fluids likely carrying bacteria. One key X. fastidiosa vector is the blue–green sharpshooter, Graphocephala atropunctata (Signoret, 1854). Herein, a 3D model of the blue–green sharpshooter functional foregut is derived from a meta-analysis of published microscopy images. The model is used to illustrate preexisting and newly defined anatomical terminology that is relevant for investigating fluid dynamics in the functional foregut of sharpshooters. The vivid 3D illustrations herein and supplementary interactive 3D figures are suitable resources for multidisciplinary researchers who may be unfamiliar with insect anatomy. The 3D model can also be used in future fluid dynamic simulations to better understand acquisition, retention, and inoculation of X. fastidiosa. Improved understanding of these processes could lead to new targets for preventing diseases caused by X. fastidiosa.