scholarly journals Spatial Organization of the Kasungu Elephant

1983 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugo Jachmann
Keyword(s):  
Home Range ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Food Competition ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Activity Area ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
Extended Area

Using a recognition file that was compiled during the study, information on movements of individually known elephants was collected over two periods, one of three and one of eight months, in 1978 and 1981/82, respectively. There appeared to be a relationship between the number of animals in the family unit and the size of the home range/activity area, probably as a result of food competition between the members of a unit. Since 1978 the size of the home range/activity area had decreased in general, as a result of compression by illegal activity. Dry-season home ranges of family units appeared to be rather stable over longer periods and larger than the wet-season home ranges that were situated along the river Lingadzi. Dry-season home ranges of bulls only lasted throughout a single dry season. During the wet season bulls ranged over an extended area. In the later part of the dry season, elephant movements were determined by salt licks and the remaining water holes with a relatively high conductivity, at a distance of the river Lingadzi. The social structure of the family units that made up a kin-group determined the time spent with each other and also appeared to influence the actual size of the home range.

Home-range and den use of the mahogany glider, Petaurus gracilis

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Home Range ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Adjacent Area ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Fragmented Habitat ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Socially Monogamous ◽  
Males And Females

The home-range of the mahogany glider was estimated, and its social behaviour examined, by following radio-collared animals over a two-year period within an area of continuous habitat and an adjacent area of fragmented habitat. The average home range within the continuous habitat was 19.25 ha for males and 20.34 ha for females, with male and female pairs occupying a combined area of 23.15 ha. In contrast, the average home range in the fragmented habitat was 11.05 ha for males and 6.80 ha for females, with a combined home-range of male and female pairs being 11.60 ha. The average overlap of the home ranges of paired males and females was 85.9%, compared with approximately 11% for non-paired individuals, which suggests that mahogany gliders are socially monogamous. For a total of 46 nights on which gliders were considered to behave normally for the entire night, the average foraging distance was 1506 m (range 590–3420 m) with no significant difference between males and females in either the continuous or fragmented habitat. There was, however, a significant difference in the distance individuals travelled during different times of the year, with longer distances being travelled during late dry season/wet season and shorter distances during the early to mid dry season. Mahogany gliders also travelled further when there was a high availability of nectar and pollen than when there was lower availability. A total of 83 dens (tree hollows) were recorded for the mahogany glider, with the poplar gum, Eucalyptus platyphylla, forest red gum, Eucalyptus tereticornis, and Clarkson's bloodwood, Corymbia clarksoniana, being most used.

Home range and movements of radio-tracked estuarine crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) within a non-tidal waterhole

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew L. Brien ◽  
Mark A. Read ◽  
Hamish I. McCallum ◽  
Gordon C. Grigg
Keyword(s):  
Home Range ◽  
National Park ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
River Channel ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Crocodylus Porosus ◽  
Range Overlap ◽  
Large Adult

We radio-tracked five male and eight female estuarine crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) in a non-tidal waterhole in Lakefield National Park in northern Queensland during the late dry/mid-wet season (2003–04) and the following dry season (2004). Individual crocodiles occupied larger home ranges (River Channel Areas (RCA) during the late dry/mid-wet season (10.64 ± 2.86 ha) than in the dry season (3.20 ± 1.02 ha), and males occupied larger home ranges (23.89 ± 2.36 ha) than females (5.94 ± 1.34 ha) during the late dry/mid-wet season. There were no obvious differences in home range between sexes during the dry season. During the late dry/mid-wet season, adult males often travelled long distances along the waterhole while females moved less. During the dry season, movement patterns were quite variable, with no clear difference between sexes. All crocodiles were most active from late afternoon (1500–1800 hours) until midnight. Individual home ranges (RCA) overlapped considerably during the late dry/mid-wet season. The extent of home-range overlap between three adult males and the number of times they either passed each other or were located near each other was particularly striking. Previous research has come to conflicting conclusions about the extent of territoriality in wild estuarine crocodiles, although it has been widely believed that males are highly territorial. The findings imply that large adult male estuarine crocodiles are not highly territorial in non-tidal freshwater systems that are geographically confined.

Seasonal changes in home-range area and habitat use by the agile wallaby (Macropus agilis)

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon C. Stirrat
Keyword(s):  
Home Range ◽  
Habitat Use ◽  
Home Range Size ◽  
Food Resources ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Range Size ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Short Supply ◽  
Male And Female

Radio-tagged male and female agile wallabies were tracked in the wet and dry seasons at a site in Darwin, Northern Territory, and home ranges estimated using a kernel-based estimator. Home-range size (95% contour) was larger in the dry season, when food quality was poorer, and males had larger home ranges than females. Core range size (55% contour) did not differ between seasons or sexes. Average male and female home-range sizes in the wet season were 16.6 ha and 11.3 ha respectively. Wet-season core range sizes were 4.8 ha and 3.2 ha respectively. Average male and female home-range sizes in the dry season were 24.6 ha and 15.3 ha respectively, and dry-season core range sizes were 5.1 ha and 4.0 ha respectively. Home-range size for both sexes varied in the two seasons; the smallest and largest female home ranges were 6.3 ha and 24.0 ha respectively, while male home-range size varied from 7.6 ha to 38.2 ha. Seasonal differences in home-range size can be attributed to expansion of night-time foraging areas in the dry season when good-quality food resources were in short supply. Habitat use also differed between seasons. In the dry season more fixes were located in forest areas, particularly in the evening, when wallabies foraged in forest areas for alternate food resources including browse, leaf litter, flowers and fruits of rainforest tree and shrub species. In the wet season, wallabies emerged from day-time resting areas earlier in the afternoon and therefore more wallabies were located in open areas grazing on high-quality herbage in the evening.

scholarly journals Agricultural crops in the diet of bearded capuchin monkeys, Cebus libidinosus Spix (Primates: Cebidae), in forest fragments in southeast Brazil

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Henrique de Freitas ◽  
Eleonore Z. F. Setz ◽  
Alba R. B. Araújo ◽  
Nivar Gobbi
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Production ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Capuchin Monkeys ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Forest Fragments ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Plant Matter ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cebus Libidinosus

Capuchin monkeys occupy a wide range of habitats where they feed on fruits, arthropods, and vertebrates. Their large home ranges (80-900 ha) suggest that living in forest fragments may challenge their adaptability. We identified and quantified the main food items of Cebus libidinosus Spix, 1823 in forests fragments (100 ha) in southeastern Brazil. We recorded the feeding activities of two groups using scan sampling over a 13-month period. The diet was composed of fruits, crops, animal prey, seeds, plant matter and undetermined. Fruit was eaten more in the wet season than in the dry season, and maize and sugar cane consumption peaked in the early dry season. The proportion of fruit in the diet was positively correlated with fruiting intensity of zoochorous trees. The plant diet included 54 species, with maize, Rhamnidium elaeocarpus, Acrocomia aculeata, Guazuma ulmifolia and Cariniana, being most important. Although dietary composition and diversity were similar to capuchins in larger forest fragments, feeding on crops attained higher percentages at times when zoochorous fruit production was low in fragments.

scholarly journals Home Ranges and Movements of Elk (Cervus canadensis) Restored to Southern Ontario, Canada

2017 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
pp. 320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick Rosatte
Keyword(s):  
Home Range ◽  
Home Range Size ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Winter Range ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cervus Canadensis ◽  
Summer Range ◽  
Seasonal Basis ◽  
Social Units ◽  
Winter Feeding

During 2000 and 2001, Elk (Cervus canadensis) were restored to the Bancroft, Ontario area. The objective of this study was to determine the home range and movements of six social units of Elk, 5–12 years after restoration, in an area of about 2500 km2 near Bancroft. Home range and movements were calculated from 40 221 Global Positioning System locations acquired from 56 collared Elk (16 bulls and 40 cows) between 2006 and 2013. Annual home ranges were found to be significantly greater (mean 110.3 km2, standard error [SE] 11.2) for Elk in areas where winter feeding by humans did not occur compared with those (mean 51.0 km2, SE 9.0) where winter feeding was prevalent. Elk in winter feeding areas had smaller ranges in winter than other seasons. On a seasonal basis, home range size was larger for Elk in areas where winter feeding did not occur; mean winter home range for Elk in non-feeding areas was 73.4 km2 (SE34.0) compared with 8.3 km2 (SE 2.6) for Elk in areas where winter feeding occurred. The 20 Elk that were monitored for multiple years exhibited home range fidelity among years. The entire range of all radio-collared Elk within the social groups studied covered 1716.4 km2 during 2006–2013. Average daily movements of Elk in the study arearanged from 1.0 to 2.1 km/day with greatest movements occurring during spring and summer. However, some Elk were capable of moving an average of 5–7km in a 12-h interval. Movements (about 5 km) to winter range occurred during October to December each year. Cows moved to calving areas in May with mean movements of Elk to spring/summer range about 6 km. Cow/calf groups moved to fall ranges by early September with mean movements of about 4 km. During the rut, mean bull movements of 16.0 km to cow groups over 1–5 days occurred in early September. Hunting of Elk during the fall of 2011 and 2012 did not appear to significantly affect the movements and dispersion of Elk in the study area.

Spacing behaviour and habitat use of axis deer (Axis axis) in lowland Nepal

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (10) ◽  
pp. 1735-1744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stein R. Moe ◽  
Per Wegge
Keyword(s):  
Home Range ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Home Range Size ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Range Size ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Axis Axis ◽  
Hot Dry Season ◽  
Sal Forest ◽  
Axis Deer

A total of 17 axis deer (Axis axis) (12 females, 5 males) were radio-instrumented in Bardia National Park in lowland Nepal, and 1921 locations of females and 605 locations of males were obtained during the 2-year study period. Both the annual home ranges (135 ± 33 and 204 ± 38 (SD) ha for females and males, respectively) and the seasonal home ranges were quite small compared with those reported in another study in Nepal. We present evidence that this difference is due to a more fine-grained habitat mosaic in Bardia. Males used larger areas than females in the monsoon and the hot part of the dry season. The deer were sedentary, with a mean seasonal home range overlap between 49 and 86%, and seasonal occupancy centres were all located less than 1300 m apart. Mean seasonal home range size (68 and 110 ha for females and males, respectively) was smallest in the cool part of the dry season. The rutting period did not seem to have any major effect on the ranging behaviour, as neither males nor females increased home range size from the pre-rut to the rutting period. The deer used riverine forest preferentially during the cool-dry and hot-dry seasons, whereas sal forest was the preferred habitat during the monsoon and the cool-dry season. Grasslands were preferentially utilized by females at night during the hot-dry season, presumably because of improved forage quality following cutting and burning. Males were more associated with riverine and sal forest than were females, while females used grassland areas more than males did.

scholarly journals Preliminary Observations on the Family Mormyridae in Oyan Dam Lake (Nigeria)

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olaniyi Alaba Olopade
Keyword(s):  
Condition Factor ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Wiener’S Index ◽  
Ogun State ◽  
The Family ◽  
Fish Species Composition ◽  
Mormyrus Rume

ABSTRACT This study was carried out to investigate the abundance, distribution, diversity and condition factor of Mormyrids in Oyan Dam lake, Abeokuta North Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria. The fish were sampled from the catches of the fishermen in Oyan Dam lake, which used gillnets of 30-80 mm laterally stretched mesh size. The fish were sampled monthly between February and September 2011, at two different sites (Imala and Ibaro). The results revealed that a total number of 100 fishes of six species belonging to the family Mormyridae were collected. Numerically, catches were dominated by Mormyrus rume (34%), Hyperopisus bebe (30%) and Petrocephalus bane (24%). Together, these species comprised 88% of all collected individuals. Marcusenius ihuysi was rare and least in number representing 1% of the fish caught. The results showed that only four species were recorded in the dry season, namely Mormyrus rume, Hyperopisus bebe, Petrocephalus bane and Mormyrus deliciosus while five species were recorded in the wet season particularly in September. Mormyrus deliciosus, was not recorded in the wet season. In terms of body weight, the highest mean value was recorded for Mormyrus deliciosus (435.71 ± 95.71), followed by Mormyrus rume (143.82 ± 5.55) and Hyperopisus bebe (123.5 ± 5.26) while Petrocephalus bane was the least one (95.00 ± 8.56). The results also showed that the condition factor during the wet season (4.18) was higher than the condition factor of the dry season (3.51). Simpson’s index was used to determine the species richness, while Shannon-Wiener’s Index was used to evaluate species diversity; species evenness was equally evaluated using Pielou’s Index. The indices of diversity included (d) = 0.31 and 0.23, H = 1.18 and 1.53 and E = 0.851 and 0.853 respectively for the two sites at Oyan Dam lake. The estimates from these indices indicated a low fish species composition and richness, also unevenness in the population of Mormyrids in Oyan Dam lake. Therefore, it will be advisable to regulate the activities of fishers in the water body to allow future increase in the abundance of this species.

Sexual and environmental variation in the space requirements of the Critically Endangered geometric tortoise, Psammobates geometricus

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaretha Hofmeyr ◽  
Ulric van Bloemestein ◽  
Brian Henen ◽  
Craig Weatherby
Keyword(s):  
Home Range ◽  
Habitat Degradation ◽  
Space Use ◽  
Home Range Size ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Convex Polygons ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Mating Opportunities ◽  
Space Requirements ◽  
Nesting Season

Psammobates geometricus has a limited distribution in the southwestern Cape, South Africa, where it occurs in small habitat fragments separated by agricultural and urban developments. Space use and its determining factors thus represent critical information for the effective conservation of this species. We used radiotelemetry and thread-trailing to study the movement patterns and space use of geometric tortoises over an annual cycle, and estimated home ranges with minimum convex polygons and fixed-kernel methods. Home range size of geometric tortoises showed large inter-individual variation, and for females, a positive relationship to body size. Females, the larger sex, had larger home ranges and mean daily displacements than males had. Female space use was high through most of the year, except in the wet season, when food was abundant, temperatures relatively low, and soft soils allowed easy nesting. Males used more space and displaced further in the non-nesting than nesting season, perhaps to optimise mating opportunities in the non-nesting season before females ovulate. Home ranges were more elongate and overlapped more in fallow fields than in natural vegetation, suggesting that habitat degradation alters home range structure. The space geometric tortoises used for their annual activities ranged from 1.02 to 44.85 ha. The large home ranges and effects of habitat degradation should influence the size of reserves, and the destiny of geometric tortoises in small habitat fragments.

Home ranges and movement schedules of sympatric bridled nailtail and black-striped wallabies

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 547 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Evans
Keyword(s):  
Home Range ◽  
Home Range Size ◽  
Range Size ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Radio Tracking ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Seasonal Differences ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Species Movement ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

Home ranges and movement schedules of sympatric bridled nailtail wallabies, Onychogalea fraenata, and black-striped wallabies, Macropus dorsalis, were studied during wet and dry seasons by radio-tracking. Home ranges of black-striped wallabies (91 ha) were much larger than those of bridled nailtail wallabies (40 ha). Home-range size differed between sexes for bridled nailtail wallabies (males, 59 ha; females, 26 ha), but not for black-striped wallabies. Intraspecific seasonal differences in home-range size were not significant. All home ranges included diurnal shelter habitat, although the preferred type of shelter habitat was different for each species. Movement schedules differed significantly between wet and dry seasons for black-striped wallabies (which made a higher frequency of longer-distance movements during the dry season than during the wet season), but not for bridled nailtail wallabies.

Natal dispersal of grizzly bears

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 838-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce N McLellan ◽  
Frederick W Hovey
Keyword(s):  
Home Range ◽  
Ursus Arctos ◽  
Natal Dispersal ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Grizzly Bears ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Gradual Process ◽  
The Social ◽  
Dispersal Distances

We studied natal dispersal of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos), a solitary nonterritorial carnivore with a promiscuous mating system, between 1979 and 1998. Dispersal distances for 2-year-olds did not differ between males and females, but by 3 years of age, males had dispersed farther than females, and farther still by 4 years of age. Dispersal of both sexes was a gradual process, occurring over 1–4 years. From the locations of death, or last annual ranges, it was estimated that 18 males dispersed 29.9 ± 3.5 km (mean ± SE) and 12 females dispersed 9.8 ± 1.6 km. Eleven of these males dispersed the equivalent of at least the diameter of 1 adult male home range, whereas only 3 of the females dispersed at least the diameter of 1 adult female home range. The longest dispersals recorded were 67 km for a male and 20 km for a female. Because the social system consists of numerous overlapping home ranges of both sexes, long dispersal distances may not be required to avoid inbreeding or competition with relatives. Simple models suggest that 61% of the ranges of brother and sister pairs would not overlap, but the home range of every daughter would overlap her father's range. The home range of an estimated 19 ± 4 (mean ± SD) adult males, however, would overlap at least a portion of each female's range, thereby reducing the chance of a female mating with her brother or father. Understanding the dispersal behaviour of grizzly bears is essential for developing conservation strategies. Our results suggest that meta-population reserve designs must provide corridors wide enough for male grizzly bears to live in with little risk of being killed.

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