Chapter Seven The Future of Venice’s Past and the Archaeology of the North-Eastern Adriatic Emporia during the Early Middle Ages

1999 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
H.A. Louw

The role of hymns in public worship and the influence it had on the Schism in 1859 in South Africa During the Middle Ages congregational singing was replaced by choir singing. Both Luther and Calvin agreed that the members of the congregation should actively participate in the worship service by means of song. Calvin limited congregational songs to the Psalms of the Old Testament. The church in Netherlands followed his example, but added some hymns, excluding the Apostles Creed, that comprises also lyrical parts from Scripture. In 1807 a hymn book was implemented and used in the Netherlands. This was one of the reasons for the Schism which took place in 1834. During 1814 the hymn book was implemented in the Cape resulting in discontent in the border districts. Some discontented people took part in the Great Trek. A congregation mainly consisting of these people was established in Rustenburg in 1859. In this congregation only Psalms were sung during services. Soon Reformed congregations having the same objections regarding hymns came into being in the Free State and the north-eastern Cape Province. For the founder of these congregations, Rev. D. Postma, the singing of free hymns was a mediance matter. For the “Doppers” as the conservative people were called, the singing of Psalms only was a serious matter of principle. Times have changed and the Reformed Churches in South Africa will have to reflect whether it is really a matter of principle to sing Old Testament Psalms only. The suffering, death, resurrection and ascension of Christ should also be celebrated in song. The existing 48 scriptural lyrics do not satisfy these requirements. Free hymns of the other Afrikaans churches will definitely have to be taken into consideration.


2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-126
Author(s):  
Maksakova D. ◽  
◽  
Senotrusova P. ◽  

The present paper investigates three-part appliques from the ensemble of archaeological sites of Shivera Prospikhino, which was located in the Lower Angara region. The variants of this type of jewelry have been indicated, and their territorial distribution in the region and Northern Eurasia have been determined. The chronological frame of the extent of appliques during the research archaeological complex is presented. The highest diversity of variants of appliques are recorded in the burials of the 12th — middle 13th century. In the burials of the Mongol period (the 13th –14th century) appliques with a plain shield and items with a drawn line on shield predominate. Jewelry with a convex figured nose, with «pearls’ on the ears and with a drawn line in the center of the shield have not been not marked in the materials of nearby and distant archaeological complexes of Northern Eurasia. The paper puts forward a position on the universal using of three-part appliques. Visual research of the appliques allowed us to record technological traces that reflect the techniques of making jewelry. The characteristic of the recipe of the alloys used has been presented. At the moment, the published materials indicate that the territory of the Lower Angara region is the north-eastern border of the mass distribution of three-part appliques. Keywords: Lower Angara region, High Middle Ages, jewelry, appliques, typology, chronology, manufacturing techniques


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludwika Jończyk ◽  
Aneta Gołębiowska-Tobiasz

The monograph analyses the origin of artefacts (the elements of attire and equipment of an armed merchant, from the Volga Upland in Volga Bulgaria), unusual for north-eastern Poland and found during the excavations in Szurpiły in the Suwałki Region. It is an interesting journey along the trade routes of the early Middle Ages, which links culturally different and geographically distant regions of Europe.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.А. Туаллагов

Статья посвящена проблеме появления в Нартовском эпосе осетин редкого образа ящерицы. Данный образ практически неизвестен в осетинских мифологических, этнографических и фольклорных материалах, что соответствует положению и у других кавказских народов. Указанное положение определяет актуальность предложенной к анализу темы. Научная новизна исследования заключается в анализе материалов осетинского эпоса в свете древнеиранских религиозно-мифологических представлений и археологических памятников. Целью исследования является определение источника и условий появления соответствующего зооморфного образа в аланских древностях и эпическом наследии осетин. В ходе исследования применялись метод комплексного анализа нарративных и археологических источников на основе принципа историзма и системности изложения. В результате проведенного исследования удалось выявить общий круг археологических и письменных источников, позволяющих определиться с источником появления образа ящерицы в осетинском эпосе. Данный зооморфный образ проникает к аланам в раннем средневековье через посредничество населения Северо-Западного Кавказа, испытывавшего на себе непосредственно влияние зороастризма за счет вхождения данной территории в состав Сасанидской Персии. Не исключено, что прототипом самого изображения мог служить один из местных видов ящериц. Но, если здесь образ ящерицы непосредственно соответствовал образам зороастрийских сил зла , то у алан он был переосмыслен в русле собственных мифологических представлений. Время его появления определяется соответствующими находками зеркал в аланских памятниках. Но образ ящерицы не смог заменить или потеснить традиционный образ змеи, представленный и в эпосе. В эпосе он только пополнил ряд образов гадов в сюжете о волшебной чаше. The article is devoted to the problem of the appearance of a rare image of a lizard in the Narts epic of the Ossetians. This image is practically unknown in Ossetian mythological, ethnographic and folklore materials, which corresponds to the situation in other Caucasian peoples. The specified position determines the relevance of the topic proposed for analysis. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the analysis of the materials of the Ossetian epic in the light of ancient Iranian religious and mythological representations and archaeological monuments. The aim of the study is to determine the source and conditions for the appearance of the corresponding zoomorphic image in the Alanian antiquities and the Ossetian epic heritage. In the course of the study the method of a comprehensive analysis of narrative and archaeological sources based on the principle of historicism and systematic presentation was applied. As a result of the study, it was possible to identify a common circle of archaeological and written sources, allowing to determine the source of the appearance of the image of a lizard in the Ossetian epic. This zoomorphic image penetrates to the Alans in the early Middle Ages through the mediation of the population of the North-West Caucasus, who experienced the direct influence of Zoroastrianism due to the entry of this territory into Sasanian Persia. It is possible that one of the local species of lizards could serve as the prototype of the image itself. But, if here the image of the lizard directly corresponded to the images of the Zoroastrian forces of evil , then among the Alans it was reconsidered in line with its own mythological ideas. The time of its appearance is determined by the corresponding finds of the mirrors in the Alanian monuments. But the image of a lizard could not replace or displace the traditional image of a snake, presented in the epic. In epic, it only replenished a number of images of reptiles in the plot of the magic cup.


Author(s):  
Ekaterina Boldyreva ◽  

The article focuses on the analysis of glazed ware imported into the southern regions of Russia from the Early Middle Ages to the Golden Horde period. The author studied most common types of glazed ware and their sources. In order to compare, the paper considers the groups of ware brought to the Pontic and the Volga River regions. From the 7th century in the northern Pontic region, vessels produced in Constantinople appeared. Various groups of Byzantine pottery were recorded there till the beginning of the Golden Horde period. In the Caspian region, glazed ware appeared not earlier than the middle-late 9th – early 10th century coming there from Central Asia and the Middle East. In the 11th century, there were no significant changes in the sources and number of imported products in the Pontic, while the Volga River region falls under the influence of the North-Eastern Caucasus, Transcaucasia and the Middle East (mainly Iran). In the second half – end of the 12th century, the Volga region was becoming one of the key areas points in the trade of kashi ware of Middle Eastern origin. In the 14th century, Byzantine ware first appeared there. The same period was marked with the rise in local pottery production in the Pontic and Azov littoral which contributed to the spread of these products throughout Eastern Europe.


Author(s):  
Евгения Михайловна Карлова

Основной комплекс джайнских архитектурных памятников лежит в целом в контексте общеиндийской традиции, представляя собой симметрично-осевые храмы с расположенными друг за другом одной или несколькими мандапами и гарбха-грихой. Оформлены они обычно в едином стиле с памятниками соответствующей эпохи и локализации. Некоторые стандартные для индийского храмового строительства элементы в джайнских памятниках акцентируются или приобретают особое значение. В центральной и западной Индии в раннем Средневековье начинает складываться особый тип центричного джайнского храма - чатурмукха, который достигает наивысшего развития в памятниках периода Соланки. Пик его развития совпадает с взлетом джайнской диаспоры в этот период, сопровож давшимся активным строительством. Тогда же высшей точки достигает своеобразный стиль архитектурной декорации, получивший название «стиль Мару-Гурджара» и прочно ассоциирующийся нынче именно с джайнскими памятниками.Храм типа чатурмукха выражает базовые принципы джайнской космологии и как отдельными частями, так и в целом соотносится с описанным в священных текстах сакральным пространством. Одно из важнейших понятий мистической географии джайнизма, самвасарана, воплощается в архитектуре как часть гарбха-грихи, но может выступать и как отдельно стоящее сооружение в рамках храмового комплекса. В дальнейшем тип храма чатурмукха не получил широкого распространения, в отличие от некоторых декоративных элементов стиля Мару-Гурджара. Их формальное повторение в сочетании со стремлением к воплощению на земле сакральной географии - отличительная черта джайнской архитектуры Нового и Новейшего времени. The main complex of Jain architectural monuments lies in the context of the general tradition of Indian temple architecture, representing symmetrico-axial temples with one or several mandapas and a garbha-griha located one behind the other. They are usually decorated in the same style as the monuments of the respective epoch and localization. Some standard elements of Indian temple construction in Jain monuments are emphasized or take on particular significance. A special type of centric Jaina temple, chaturmukha, originated in central and western India in the early Middle Ages. It reached its highest degree of development in the monuments of the Solanki period. The peak of its development coincides with the rise of the Jain diaspora during this period, accompanied by active construction. At the same time, the original style of architectural scenery, called the “Maru-Gurjara style” and strongly associated with Jain monuments, reaches its highest point. The chaturmukha-type temple expresses the basic principles of Jaina cosmology and, both as individual parts, and as a whole, corresponds with the sacred space described in the sacred texts. One of the most important concepts of the mystical geography of Jainism, samvasarana, is embodied in architecture as part of the garbha-grikha, but it can also act as a separate building within the temple complex. In the future, the type of temple chaturmukha would not receive widespread popularity, unlike some decorative elements of the style of Maru-Gurjara. Their formal repetition combined with the desire to incarnate sacred geography on earth is a distinctive feature of the Jain architecture of the New and Modern times.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document