scholarly journals 4 Before and After 1773: Central European Jesuits, the Politics of Language and Discourses of Identity in the Late Eighteenth Century Habsburg Monarchy

2015 ◽  
pp. 95-118
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
Central European ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Politics Of Language ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Before And After

Prologue

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Jeremy Zallen
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Power Struggles ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Before And After

The prologue introduces the history, historiography, and myths of light. It begins by exploring two “pre-industrial” modes of producing light, first telling the story of how Martha Ballard, in the late eighteenth century, butchered a cow, rendered its fat, and dipped her own candles. Second, the prologue explores the making and use of tallow candles in Potosí. The prologue contrasts these accounts of tallow candles with end-of-the-nineteenth-century accounts of how electricity had transcended labor and history. It shows how this familiar before-and-after narrative is flawed, and we need to reexamine what came between, paying special attention to work, energy, and power struggles.

The Politics of Sound

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Sykes
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Preventive Care ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Musical Expression ◽  
French Society ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Important Position ◽  
The Way

This essay explores the important contribution of blind musicians to French eighteenth-century culture and examines the ways in which they negotiated the dramatic political and social changes that occurred between 1750 and 1830. Sonic regeneration was considered pivotal to French society both before and after the Terror of Revolution. Blind musicians exploited their abilities in the sonic sensory arts by brilliantly adapting their musical abilities to late eighteenth-century medical codes of health and preventive care. This enabled them not only to ensure their important position within a regenerated modern French society but also to lead the way in establishing new creative modes of musical expression within the new citizen-state.

“By and By We Shall Have an Enlightened Populace”: Moral Optimism and the Fine Arts in Late-Eighteenth-Century Austria

1999 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernst Wangermann
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
Habsburg Empire ◽  
Central European ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Research Period

I should like to begin by recalling my own occasional points of contact with Robert Kann. When his first book, the great two-volume work on the nationality problem in the Habsburg Empire, was published, I was a student about to embark on research on eighteenth-century Austria, and took little notice of any large works not on my research period. Later, teaching nineteenth-century European history, I came to appreciate its wide range and deep insights. By the time his highly original Study in Austrian Intellectual History was published in 1960, my career as a historian had prospered sufficiently for me to be offered this book for review by a leading British historical periodical. I commented very positively on his analysis of Abraham a Sancta Clara. Turning to the chapters on Joseph von Sonnenfels, however, I took the opportunity of presenting some results of my own research on Sonnenfels, which had only just been published and which I thought called some of his judgments into question. Unlike many Central European academics of his generation, Robert Kann did not resent criticism by a younger colleague; hence I have memories of some pleasant and stimulating meetings with him in Vienna during the time he held an honorary professorship there.

Power and the People in Russia

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Hosking
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Everyday Functioning ◽  
Corporate Associations ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
The People ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Russian Politics

Whereas many European states sought to dominate corporate associations in order to exploit their resources, the Russian monarchy had to create them in the late eighteenth century in order to transmit its own authority. Both before and after that, however, the Tsars mediated authority downwards through persons rather than institutions. This chapter highlights the paradoxes of a system which compensated for under-institutionalization through the workings of competing elite patron-client networks and small-scale popular communities of joint responsibility which survived long beyond 1917. Communists may have transformed and modernized society in appearance, but in reality that modernization perpetuated or even restored some of the archaic practices of pre-revolutionary society. The Soviet state, like the Tsarist one, depended on archaic social arrangements which lubricated its everyday functioning, but frustrated its ultimate purposes. Even at the start of the twenty-first century Russian politics were still in thrall to personalized power factions.

Bureaucracy, Enlightenment, and Habsburg Central Europe

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 792-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iryna Vushko
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Economic Reality ◽  
The Will ◽  
Methodological Problems

This article describes the career and work of Joseph Karl Brigido, the governor of Austrian Galicia between 1780 and 1794. Through the prism of Brigido and his services in Galicia, it analyzes the functioning of the Austrian bureaucracy at the turn of the eighteenth century. Even though the scholarship of Austrian administration and bureaucracy is a continually expanding field in historiography, people like Joseph Brigido—middle- and low-ranking officials in the provinces—remain practically unknown to historians. This gap in scholarship creates certain methodological problems. Historians tend to describe the Austrian bureaucracy as an abstract institution, formed of German officials who imposed the will of the central government on the non-German elites in the provinces. Such a vision of permanent conflict and reciprocal antagonism, however, does not reflect the reality of bureaucratic organization in Galicia and in the Habsburg monarchy at large. An emotionally detached and politically neutral bureaucracy was indeed an ideal, which Habsburg enlightened rulers hoped to achieve during the late eighteenth century. It never became a reality. By placing the Austrian bureaucracy in its historical context, this article presents it as a highly heterogeneous institution, formed of men who had different social and career backgrounds and different understandings of government and administration. Local Austrian bureaucrats were often more reflective of particular political and economic reality than their sovereigns in Vienna.

Western Ukraine in the Interwar period

1994 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
John-Paul Himka
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
Carpathian Mountains ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Western Ukraine ◽  
Early Eighteenth Century

The concept of “Western Ukraine” is not entirely a static one. As a valid unit of historical analysis it first appears in the late eighteenth century, when the Habsburg monarchy added Galicia (1772) and Bukovina (occupied 1774, annexed 1787) to its collection of territories; already part of the collection was the Ukrainian-inhabited region of Transcarpathia (depending on how one counts, it had been Habsburg since as early as 1526 or as late as the early eighteenth century). Of course, one can also read back certain features unifying Western Ukraine prior to the 1770s, such as the culturally formative influence on all three regions of the medieval Rus’ principality, later kingdom, of Galicia and Volhynia, as well as the presence of the Carpathian mountains, which was much more than a matter of mere geology (hence the Russophiles’ preferred name for Western Ukraine—Carpathian Rus'). Still, in the centuries prior to their incorporation into the Habsburg monarchy, the three regions had experienced such disparate political histories—Galicia as part of Poland, Bukovina of Moldavia, and Transcarpathia of Hungary—that there is little validity in treating them then as a historical unit.

Fighting for Rights: Conscription and Jewish Emancipation

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek J. Penslar
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
European Society ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Central European ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Jewish Youth

This chapter illustrates the context in which western and central European armies took form and how Jews were included in them. The issue of military service played a major role in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century debates about the emancipation of Jews. In the early 1700s, Protestant Hebraists and Enlightenment thinkers reconceived the position of Jews in European society by presenting Jews as capable of martial valor and so deserving of civil rights. In the late eighteenth century, new conceptions of the meliorability of humanity led to the introduction of conscription for all men, including Jews. Proponents of the Jewish Enlightenment (Haskalah) paid considerable attention to the issue of military service, especially after the introduction of mass conscription in France during the revolutionary wars. In the German lands, early nineteenth-century advocates of Jewish emancipation urged Jewish youth to volunteer to fight against Napoleonic France.

Modes of Production in Southern California at the End of the Eighteenth Century

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas C. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Southern California ◽  
First Nation ◽  
Social Formation ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Uneven And Combined Development ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Alternative Understanding ◽  
Mode Of Production

Looking at archaeological and ethnohistorical evidence from Southern California through the lens of modes of production raises interesting questions about our understanding of the practices and institutions of the First Nation peoples who lived there immediately before and after the Spaniards arrived in the late eighteenth century. This chapter argues that an analysis employing Marxian concepts of mode of production, social formation, articulation, uneven and combined development, and most importantly contradiction provides an alternative understanding as well as a means for assessing existing explanations in circumstances where the available evidence actually supports several theoretically grounded accounts.

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