Making the Audience Cry: Witnessing Violence and the Ethics of Compelled Empathy

2020 ◽  
pp. 83-97
Keyword(s):  
Witnessing Violence

The Joint Contribution of Experiencing and Witnessing Violence During Childhood on Child Abuse in the Parent Role

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 619-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M. Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Child Abuse ◽  
Family Violence ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Control Variable ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Witnessing Violence ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Childhood Violence ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Joint Contribution

This article examines adult respondents’ abuse of children as a consequence of their own childhood experiences of abuse, both direct experiences of childhood violence (hitting) and exposure to interparental violence (witnessing). In particular, the study examines the extent to which these factors function interactively: Are both experience and exposure necessary or is either sufficient to increase disproportionately the probability of child abuse? Using data from the Second National Family Violence Survey, results of a logistic regression analysis show that either or both factors produced higher than average and relatively similar rates of child abuse. Only respondents with neither form of family violence reported lower than average rates of abuse of their own children. The analysis controlled for gender, race, family income, and family structure; race was the only control variable to be significantly associated with child abuse. Finally, no control variable modified the interaction between the family violence variables.

scholarly journals Resilience and Poly-Victimization among Two Cohorts of Norwegian Youth

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 2852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihong Huang ◽  
Svein Mossige
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Psychological Problems ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Cultural Resources ◽  
Witnessing Violence ◽  
Resilience Scale ◽  
Victims Of Violence ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Forms Of Violence

Previous research shows that there is a significant and positive relationship between being a victim of violence and experiencing high levels of psychological problems among young people. Conversely, resilience is negatively associated with psychological problems among young people in general, and this negative association is particularly strong among victims of violence. Our study examines resilience among young people (aged ≥ 18 years) who reported being victims of multiple forms of violence during childhood and adolescence using data from two national youth surveys administered in Norway in 2007 (N = 7033) and 2015 (N = 4531), respectively. We first compared the score of resilience, as measured by the Resilience Scale for Adolescents (READ), and the prevalence of poly-victimization, as identified by the number of young people in our study who were exposed to three of the four forms of violence (i.e., non-physical violence, witnessing violence against parents, physical violence, and sexual abuse). Second, we tested our hypothesis using our data and found that resilience—individuals’ capacity to handle adversity, as well as their use of social and cultural resources when facing adversity—moderates the association between poly-victimization and the onset of psychological problems.

Index for Witnessing Violence

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth J. Christiansen ◽  
William P. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Witnessing Violence

scholarly journals Examining the Role of Supportive Family Connection in Violence Exposure Among Male Youth in Urban Environments

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 1074-1088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison J. Culyba ◽  
Kenneth R. Ginsburg ◽  
Joel A. Fein ◽  
Charles C. Branas ◽  
Therese S. Richmond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Member ◽  
Violence Exposure ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Parental Relationships ◽  
Male Youth ◽  
Witnessing Violence ◽  
Low Resource ◽  
Family Connection ◽  
Adult Family Member

Family connection has demonstrated protective effects on violence perpetration, victimization, and witnessing in the general U.S. adolescent population. However, several studies examining the impact of family connection on violence exposure in adolescents living in low-resource urban environments have failed to demonstrate similar protective effects. We interviewed male youth in low-resource neighborhoods in Philadelphia recruited through household random sampling. Adjusted logistic regression was used to test whether a supportive relationship with an adult family member was inversely associated with violence involvement and violence witnessing. In 283 youth participants aged 10 to 24 years, 33% reported high violence involvement, 30% reported high violence witnessing, and 17% reported both. Youth who identified at least one supportive adult family member were significantly less likely to report violence involvement (odds ratio [OR] = 0.35; 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.18, 0.69]) and violence witnessing (OR = 0.46; 95% CI = [0.24, 0.88]). Youth with two supportive parents, and those with supportive mothers only, also demonstrated significant inverse associations with violence involvement. Supportive parental relationships were inversely but not significantly related to witnessing violence. The findings suggest that supportive parental relationships may not prevent youth in low-resource neighborhoods from witnessing violence but may help prevent direct violence involvement. Next studies should be designed such that the mechanisms that confer protection can be identified, and should identify opportunities to bolster family connection that may reduce adolescent violence involvement among youth in low-resource urban environments.

scholarly journals Motivation and opportunity for conflict-induced migration: An analysis of Syrian migration timing

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Schon
Keyword(s):  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Witnessing Violence ◽  
Migration Timing ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
Post Traumatic Growth ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Models ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Witness Violence ◽  
Syrian Conflict

How do civilians decide when to leave their homes during conflict? Existing research emphasizes the role of violence in driving civilian migration decisions. Yet, migration timing often does not correspond with the timing of violence. To explain this discrepancy, I argue that violence fits within broader considerations of motivation and opportunity to migrate. Witnessing violence triggers post-traumatic growth that delays narrative ruptures and the subsequent migration that they motivate. Civilians who have ‘wasta’ – an advantaged social position resulting from some combination of money and connections – have the opportunity to migrate safely. Civilians who possess both motivation and opportunity migrate earlier. I use over 170 structured interviews with Syrian refugees in Turkey to test this argument. Descriptively, respondents who did not witness violence (early motivation) left their homes seven months earlier, on average. Respondents with wasta (opportunity) left their homes one full year earlier, on average. Respondents who both did not witness violence (early motivation) and had wasta left their homes approximately one and a half years earlier, on average. Cox proportional hazard models reveal that respondents only migrated earlier in the conflict if they had both early motivation and opportunity. Open-ended responses from the interviews support the quantitative results and help explain their causal mechanisms. These findings contribute to understandings of conflict-induced migration, civil war, and the Syrian conflict.

Prolonged Exposure Therapy for Adolescents with PTSD Therapist Guide

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edna B. Foa ◽  
Kelly R. Chrestman ◽  
Eva Gilboa-Schechtman
Keyword(s):  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Developmentally Appropriate ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Treatment Termination ◽  
Witnessing Violence ◽  
The Past ◽  
Treatment Information ◽  
Prolonged Exposure Therapy ◽  
Trauma Type

Traumatic events, including sexual abuse, experiencing or witnessing violence, and natural disasters, are common among adolescents, and this online therapist guide presents a proven treatment for PTSD that has been adapted for the adolescent population. It applies the principles of Prolonged Exposure (PE) to help adolescents emotionally process their traumatic experiences and follows a four-phase treatment where the patients complete each module at their own rate of progress. It includes modules on motivational interviewing, case management, the rationale for treatment, information-gathering about the trauma, common reactions to trauma, and explains that by systematically confronting situations associated with the trauma, adolescents can overcome avoidance and fear. It covers how memory of the traumatic event can help distinguish the past from the present and promote feelings of mastery, and also includes modules on relapse prevention and treatment termination. It covers the importance of the adolescent's age and developmental level while in therapy, and includes developmentally appropriate materials and guidance on tailoring the treatment to each client's unique situation, including trauma type and family structure.

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