Biogeographical regionalisation of Colombia: a revised area taxonomy

Phytotaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 484 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-260
Author(s):  
CARLOS E. GONZÁLEZ-OROZCO
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Species Turnover ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Geospatial Analyses ◽  
Areas Of Endemism ◽  
Biogeographic Regions ◽  
Definition Of

This study proposes a biogeographical regionalisation of Colombia based on geospatial analyses of plant species turnover and a revised area taxonomy. The spatial patterns of species turnover are calculated for 20,342 plant species in continental Colombia with distributions estimated from 271,568 georeferenced records aggregated to 414 (~50 km) grid cells across Colombia. The proposed biogeographic regions are defined by applying an agglomerative cluster analysis using a matrix of pairwise Simpson’s beta (bsim) dissimilarity values. Three main centres of species richness and 25 areas of endemism were identified across Colombia, complementing the definition of regionalisation. Biogeographical regionalisation comprises two dominions (Pacific and Boreal Brazilian), six provinces (Chocó-Darién, Guajira, Magdalena, Paramo, Sabana and Imerí) and thirty-five districts. The revised area taxonomy provides an updated and objective biogeographical classification for Colombia and is the first biogeographic regionalisation exclusively based on the taxic distributional overlap of Colombia´s land plants.

scholarly journals Spatial distribution of the macrozoobenthos in the Solís Grande Stream estuary (Canelones-Maldonado, Uruguay)

2001 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. MUNIZ ◽  
N. VENTURINI
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Present Species ◽  
Multivariate Techniques ◽  
Natural Factors ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
Variation Explained

The analysis of 24 quantitative macrobenthic samples taken from the Solís Grande Stream estuary yielded 10 species from a total of 4,446 individuals. It was verified that both species richness and diversity was lower than those recorded in nearby regions with similar environmental conditions. In contrast with other studies, a marked dominance of any of the present species was not verified. All the species recorded correspond to typical estuarine organisms. Abundance data were analysed with multivariate techniques and the results showed a relationship with salinity, mean diameter and the percentage of fine sand. According to the cluster analysis and the canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) four groups of stations were defined. The partition out of total variation of the species data showed that the amount of variation explained by the space alone was low. Spatial patterns observed and their possible causes are analysed and discussed in relation to the natural factors that acts in this coastal ecosystem.

Factors shaping alien plant species richness spatial patterns across Natura 2000 Special Areas of Conservation of Greece

2017 ◽  
Vol 601-602 ◽  
pp. 461-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panayiotis G. Dimitrakopoulos ◽  
Sotirios Koukoulas ◽  
Alexandros Galanidis ◽  
Pinelopi Delipetrou ◽  
Dimitris Gounaridis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Natura 2000 ◽  
Plant Species Richness ◽  
Alien Plant Species ◽  
Alien Plant ◽  
Of Greece

scholarly journals Integrating global patterns and drivers of tree diversity across a continuum of spatial grains

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Keil ◽  
Jonathan M. Chase
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Turnover ◽  
Heterogeneous Data ◽  
Coarse Grain ◽  
Regional Effect ◽  
Scale Models ◽  
Efficient Integration ◽  
Biogeographic Regions ◽  
Global Patterns ◽  
Global Data

What drives biodiversity and where are the most biodiverse places on Earth? The answer critically depends on spatial scale (grain), and is obscured by lack of data and mismatches in their grain. We resolve this with cross-scale models integrating global data on tree species richness (S) from 1338 local forest surveys and 287 regional checklists, enabling estimation of drivers and patterns of biodiversity at any desired grain. We uncover grain-dependent effects of both environment and biogeographic regions on S, with a positive regional effect of Southeast Asia at coarse grain that disappears at fine grains. We show that, globally, biodiversity cannot be attributed to purely environmental or regional drivers, since regions are environmentally distinct. Finally, we predict global maps of biodiversity at two grains, identifying areas of exceptional species turnover in China, East Africa, and North America. Our cross-scale approach unifies disparate results from previous studies regarding environmental versus biogeographic predictors of biodiversity, and enables efficient integration of heterogeneous data.

Spatial patterns of water-deposited seeds control plant species richness and composition in riparian forest landscapes

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 2133-2146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuelle Araujo Calçada ◽  
Jonathan Lenoir ◽  
Jan Plue ◽  
Laura S. Broeckx ◽  
Déborah Closset-Kopp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Riparian Forest ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Plant Species Richness

scholarly journals Projected impacts of climate change on regional capacities for global plant species richness

2010 ◽  
Vol 277 (1692) ◽  
pp. 2271-2280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Henning Sommer ◽  
Holger Kreft ◽  
Gerold Kier ◽  
Walter Jetz ◽  
Jens Mutke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Species Turnover ◽  
Plant Species Richness ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Energy Dynamics ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
Business As Usual

Climate change represents a major challenge to the maintenance of global biodiversity. To date, the direction and magnitude of net changes in the global distribution of plant diversity remain elusive. We use the empirical multi-variate relationships between contemporary water-energy dynamics and other non-climatic predictor variables to model the regional capacity for plant species richness (CSR) and its projected future changes. We find that across all analysed Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change emission scenarios, relative changes in CSR increase with increased projected temperature rise. Between now and 2100, global average CSR is projected to remain similar to today (+0.3%) under the optimistic B1/+1.8°C scenario, but to decrease significantly (−9.4%) under the ‘business as usual’ A1FI/+4.0°C scenario. Across all modelled scenarios, the magnitude and direction of CSR change are geographically highly non-uniform. While in most temperate and arctic regions, a CSR increase is expected, the projections indicate a strong decline in most tropical and subtropical regions. Countries least responsible for past and present greenhouse gas emissions are likely to incur disproportionately large future losses in CSR, whereas industrialized countries have projected moderate increases. Independent of direction, we infer that all changes in regional CSR will probably induce on-site species turnover and thereby be a threat to native floras.

scholarly journals Effect of Protection of Mountainous Vegetation against Over-Grazing and Over-Cutting in South Sinai, Egypt

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Kamal H. Shaltout ◽  
Ebrahem M. Eid ◽  
Yassin M. Al-Sodany ◽  
Selim Z. Heneidy ◽  
Salma K. Shaltout ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Species Turnover ◽  
Relative Concentration ◽  
Detrended Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Vegetation Pattern ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Size Index ◽  
South Sinai ◽  
Line Intercept

In this study, we evaluated the species diversity, density, cover, and size index of plant species within and outside 37 enclosures in the South Sinai mountainous region (Egypt), which had been protected for six years (March 2012–March 2018) against over-grazing and over-cutting for medicinal and fuel purposes. Within and outside the enclosures, the plant species were recorded, and their density (individuals per 100 m2) and cover (cm per 100 cm) were estimated using the line-intercept method. The biovolume of each individual of each species was calculated as the average of its height and diameter. The species richness was calculated as the average number of species per enclosure, and the species turnover was calculated as the ratio between the total number of species and the species richness. The relative evenness was calculated using the Shannon–Weaver index, whereas the relative concentration of dominance was calculated using the Simpson index. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was applied to ordinate the vegetation inside and outside the enclosures depending on the species cover. The unpaired t-test was applied to assess the statistically significant differences in the species density, cover, and biovolume inside and outside the enclosures. By the end of the six-year period, the vegetation pattern inside the enclosures became more or less stable, presumably because of the stopping of grazing and cutting, which also led to an increase in the plant diversity, density, and cover. In general, the protection of vegetation in South Sinai improved its diversity, density, and cover. In addition, the topographic and physiographic heterogeneity in this region results in microclimatic variations, which play a major role in governing its natural vegetation.

Predicting spatial patterns of plant species richness: a comparison of direct macroecological and species stacking modelling approaches

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1122-1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Dubuis ◽  
Julien Pottier ◽  
Vanessa Rion ◽  
Loïc Pellissier ◽  
Jean-Paul Theurillat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Plant Species Richness ◽  
Modelling Approaches

scholarly journals Fast diversification through a mosaic of evolutionary histories characterizes the endemic flora of ancient Neotropical mountains

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1923) ◽  
pp. 20192933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thais N. C. Vasconcelos ◽  
Suzana Alcantara ◽  
Caroline O. Andrino ◽  
Félix Forest ◽  
Marcelo Reginato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Species Turnover ◽  
Plant Species Richness ◽  
Campo Rupestre ◽  
Population Isolation ◽  
Mountain Ranges ◽  
Extinction Rates ◽  
Speciation Rates ◽  
Endemic Flora

Mountains are among the most biodiverse areas on the globe. In young mountain ranges, exceptional plant species richness is often associated with recent and rapid radiations linked to the mountain uplift itself. In ancient mountains, however, orogeny vastly precedes the evolution of vascular plants, so species richness has been explained by species accumulation during long periods of low extinction rates. Here we evaluate these assumptions by analysing plant diversification dynamics in the campo rupestre , an ecosystem associated with pre-Cambrian mountaintops and highlands of eastern South America, areas where plant species richness and endemism are among the highest in the world. Analyses of 15 angiosperm clades show that radiations of endemics exhibit fastest rates of diversification during the last 5 Myr, a climatically unstable period. However, results from ancestral range estimations using different models disagree on the age of the earliest in situ speciation events and point to a complex floristic assembly. There is a general trend for higher diversification rates associated with these areas, but endemism may also increase or reduce extinction rates, depending on the group. Montane habitats, regardless of their geological age, may lead to boosts in speciation rates by accelerating population isolation in archipelago-like systems, circumstances that can also result in higher extinction rates and fast species turnover, misleading the age estimates of endemic lineages.

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