Threat patterns and conservation status of endemic vascular flora in Argentina: a quantitative perspective

Phytotaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 520 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-39
Author(s):  
DIEGO L. SALARIATO ◽  
CHRISTIAN ZANOTTI ◽  
FERNANDO O. ZULOAGA
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Habitat Destruction ◽  
Conservation Priorities ◽  
Species Extinction ◽  
Species List ◽  
Vascular Flora ◽  
Biogeographic Provinces ◽  
Threat Levels

Global warming, coupled with habitat destruction and human activity, are accelerating the rates of species extinction worldwide. Species-extinction risk assessment, using the IUCN Red List categories, together with the study of the spatial patterns of biodiversity, are fundamental approaches to identify conservation priorities and targeting government decisions to mitigate impacts on biodiversity. Here, we analyzed threat levels of endemic species for the entire Argentinean vascular flora. Accordingly, we classified species following the IUCN threat categories and analyze threat levels on the different families, plant life-forms, and biogeographic regions of the country. We also analyzed spatial patterns of threat by means of macroecological modeling techniques, and explored the effectiveness of current protected areas in relation to the threatened endemics they actually included. The results showed that of the 1683 Argentinean endemic taxa, 800 species were here categorized under threat (VU, EN, or CR) (~47%). Families with the highest number of threatened species were also those with the highest number of endemics; herbs and climbing plants presented significantly higher threat levels, and among biogeographic provinces, the most affected in terms of threat proportion were the Altoandina, Yungas, and Paranaense. In addition, different hotspots of threatened endemism were detected, mainly associated with mountainous areas with high altitudinal heterogeneity; of these, only nearly half are included, at least partially, within a protected area. An up-to-date species list of Argentinean endemics, including their proposed conservation status, is also provided. This work seeks to contribute to the knowledge on geographical patterns of the Argentinean flora and its conservation, complementing the information published in the Flora of Argentina.

scholarly journals Diversity patterns and conservation status of native argentinean crucifers (Brassicaceae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 530-566
Author(s):  
Diego L. Salariato ◽  
Fernando O. Zuloaga
Keyword(s):  
Threatened Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Habitat Destruction ◽  
Conservation Priorities ◽  
Species Extinction ◽  
Species List ◽  
Patagonian Steppe ◽  
Distribution Maps

Global warming, coupled with habitat destruction and human activity, are accelerating the rates of species extinction worldwide. Species-extinction risk assessment using the IUCN Red List categories, together with the study of the spatial patterns of biodiversity, are fundamental approaches for identifying conservation priorities and targeting government decisions to mitigate impacts on biodiversity. Here, we analyzed the geographic distribution of Argentinean species of Brassicaceae using species point distributional data. In this way, we classified species following the IUCN threat categories at a regional level, and analyzed patterns of richness, endemism, and threat on the different ecoregions and biomes of the country. In addition, we also explored differences in elevation, annual mean temperature, annual precipitation, and aridity between endemic vs. non-endemic and threatened vs. non-threatened species. The results showed that of the 162 Argentinean taxa, 58 species were here categorized as threatened (VU, EN, or CR) (36%). However, when only endemics are considered, more than half of these (33 spp, 57%) are threatened. Although species inhabit all environments and biogeographic regions of the country, arid to semi-arid areas, which are associated to the Andes and the Patagonian steppe, contained most of the species. Specifically, the Central Andean Puna and the Patagonian steppe ecoregions included the greatest number of species, endemics, and threatened species. Furthermore, different hotspots of richness, endemism, and threat were detected along Andean regions and the Patagonian steppe, and endemics were characterized by inhabiting on average drier areas than non-endemic native species. An up-to-date species list, including conservation status, distribution maps for all species, hotspots of richness, endemism, and threat, are also provided. This work seeks to contribute to the knowledge on geographical patterns of the Argentinean flora and its conservation, complementing the information published in the Flora of Argentina.

scholarly journals Conservation Status of Marine Biodiversity in Oceania: An Analysis of Marine Species on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth A. Polidoro ◽  
Cristiane T. Elfes ◽  
Jonnell C. Sanciangco ◽  
Helen Pippard ◽  
Kent E. Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Threatened Species ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Red List ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Conservation Priorities ◽  
Conservation Action

Given the economic and cultural dependence on the marine environment in Oceania and a rapidly expanding human population, many marine species populations are in decline and may be vulnerable to extinction from a number of local and regional threats. IUCN Red List assessments, a widely used system for quantifying threats to species and assessing species extinction risk, have been completed for 1190 marine species in Oceania to date, including all known species of corals, mangroves, seagrasses, sea snakes, marine mammals, sea birds, sea turtles, sharks, and rays present in Oceania, plus all species in five important perciform fish groups. Many of the species in these groups are threatened by the modification or destruction of coastal habitats, overfishing from direct or indirect exploitation, pollution, and other ecological or environmental changes associated with climate change. Spatial analyses of threatened species highlight priority areas for both site- and species-specific conservation action. Although increased knowledge and use of newly available IUCN Red List assessments for marine species can greatly improve conservation priorities for marine species in Oceania, many important fish groups are still in urgent need of assessment.

scholarly journals Categorizing threatened species: an analysis of the Red List of the flora of Brazil

Oryx ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Moraes ◽  
R.A.X. Borges ◽  
E. M. Martins ◽  
R. A. Fernandes ◽  
T. Messina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
National Level ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Species List ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Threatened Plant Species ◽  
Available Information

AbstractIn Brazil most of the effort for the conservation of plant species has comprised evaluation of taxa for the Lista Oficial das Espécies Ameaçadas de Extinção da Flora Brasileira (Official Threatened Flora Species List), and little has been done to conserve individual species. This is a result of the listing process being interpreted as the final goal rather than as a means to achieve conservation effectiveness. In addition, a variety of systems for the classification of extinction risk have been applied, resulting in an inaccurate view of the conservation status of the flora of the country. Here we review the national listing process to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the Official Threatened Flora Species List. We used all available information to compile a list of taxa officially recorded as threatened in Brazil. The list was revised using the Flora do Brasil database. The resulting list has 4,967 taxa in 1,235 genera and 232 families. Despite controversies about advances in the Red Listing process, several improvements have been made at the institutional level, such as: (1) improving conservation databases, (2) developing information systems, and (3) increasing the number of taxonomists working in conservation biology. However, there is still no classification system for extinction risk that facilitates standardization of the listing process at the national level. In addition, regulatory processes related to the conservation of threatened plant species are not up-to-date with the conceptual and methodological advances made by the scientific community. We conclude that adjustments are needed to ensure the effectiveness of the conservation of plant species in Brazil.

scholarly journals Rediscovery of the Endangered Carchi Andean Toad, Rhaebo colomai (Hoogmoed, 1985), in Ecuador, with comments on its conservation status and extinction risk

Check List ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Reyes-Puig ◽  
Gabriela B. Bittencourt-Silva ◽  
María Torres-Sánchez ◽  
Mark Wilkinson ◽  
Jeffrey W. Streicher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Species Extinction ◽  
New Localities

Since 1984 there have been no records of Rhaebo colomai (Hoogmoed, 1985) within the territory of Ecuador. This species was known from 2 localities in the province of Carchi, northwestern Ecuador, and the department of Nariño, southwestern Colombia, which were reported in 1979 and 2015, respectively. We report the recent sightings of R. colomai at 3 new localities in Ecuador and discuss and evaluate this species’ extinction risk and conservation status.

Classifying threatened species: means and ends

1994 ◽  
Vol 344 (1307) ◽  
pp. 91-97 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Threatened Species ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Species Conservation ◽  
Conservation Priorities ◽  
Extinction Rate ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Means And Ends ◽  
Species Area ◽  
Taxonomic Groups

Threatened species lists are widely consulted as sources of information on the conservation status of species. However, their application to planning for conservation is limited because they have not been developed systematically, and because the criteria used to judge extinction risk are subjective. Recently, new proposals have been made to increase the broader usefulness of these lists, and some elements of these proposals are reviewed here. Apart from indicating the geographical and taxonomic groups containing most threatened species, these lists can provide other kinds of information. Some data from threatened species classifications using quantitative criteria provide a new method for estimating extinction rates in a variety of vertebrate taxa. This analysis suggests that over the next 100 years, the extinction rate could be as high as 15-20% in these groups. These values are comparable to those based upon extrapolations from species-area curves. However, allocating threatened species categories is only a first step towards developing rational systems for setting conservation priorities. These systems will need to consider a quite different set of variables, including those for incorporating species conservation priorities in area-based planning

Diversity, species richness distribution and centers of endemism of Lycianthes (Capsiceae, Solanaceae) in Mexico

Phytotaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 514 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-60
Author(s):  
MARCO ANTONIO ANGUIANO-CONSTANTE ◽  
ELLEN DEAN ◽  
THOMAS STARBUCK ◽  
AARÓN RODRÍGUEZ ◽  
GUADALUPE MUNGUÍA-LINO
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Cloud Forest ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Conservation Priorities ◽  
Oak Forest ◽  
Biogeographic Provinces ◽  
High Species Richness ◽  
Centers Of Endemism

Spatial patterns of plant diversity matter. Identifying areas of high species richness and endemism are crucial for understanding the evolution of plant diversity and community assemblages as well establishing sustainablility and conservation priorities. Lycianthes is the third most species-rich genus in the Solanaceae with 187 taxa (152 species, 10 subspecies and 25 varieties) native to the Americas and Asia-Pacific region. However, the distributions of the taxa are uneven and usually concentrated along mountain ranges in the Neotropic. In Mexico, the main mountain chains are known as the Mexican Transition Zone (MTZ), so we expected the highest species richness and endemism to be found there. Our aims were twofold; first, to determine the Lycianthes species richness in Mexico; and second, to analyze the spatial patterns. We used 2305 georeferenced records obtained from specimens examined in herbaria, electronic specimen databases and specimens cited in the literature. Then, we analyzed species richness and endemism using a grid-cell of 50 × 50 km, political divisions, biogeographic provinces, vegetation types, and elevation. In addition, endemism was quantified using weighted endemism (WE) and corrected weighted endemism (CWE). In Mexico, there were 48 taxa of Lycianthes, which included 44 species and four varieties. Of these, 20 species and two varieties were endemic. We found 14 cells of high species richness and eight centers of endemism, all located across the MTZ. The pine-oak forest resulted in the richest plant community followed by the cloud forest along an elevational gradient of 1000–2000 m. Likewise, endemism was found within the pine-oak forest of the MTZ, between 1000–2000 m of elevation. The geological history and climatic conditions of the MTZ could explain the diversity of Lycianthes there.

scholarly journals Spatial and species-level metrics reveal global patterns of irreplaceable and imperiled gecko phylogenetic diversity

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 239-252
Author(s):  
Rikki Gumbs ◽  
Rachel C Williams ◽  
Anthony M Lowney ◽  
Darrell Smith
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Diversity ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Conservation Priorities ◽  
Human Pressure ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Data Deficient ◽  
Anthropogenic Threats ◽  
Conservation Prioritisation

Abstract Phylogenetic Diversity (PD) is increasingly recognised as a useful tool for prioritising species and regions for conservation effort. Increased availability of spatial and phylogenetic data for reptiles now facilitates their inclusion in phylogenetically-informed conservation prioritisation efforts. Geckos are a highly divergent and diverse clade that comprises almost 20% of global reptile diversity. Their global distribution is coincident with numerous anthropogenic threats, making them worthy of conservation prioritisation. Here, we combine phylogenetic, spatial distribution and extinction risk data for geckos with global human encroachment data to identify both regions and species representing irreplaceable gecko diversity at risk from human pressure. We show that high levels of irreplaceable gecko diversity are restricted to regions under intense human pressure, such as India, Sri Lanka and the Caribbean. There is a lack of extinction risk data for the western regions of Angola and Namibia, and yet these regions harbour high levels of irreplaceable diversity. At the species level, geckos display more unique PD than other lizards and snakes and are of greater conservation concern under our metric. The PD represented by Data Deficient geckos is at comparable risk to that of Endangered species. Finally, estimates of potential gecko diversity loss increase by up to 300% when species lacking extinction risk data are included. Our analyses show that many evolutionarily unique gecko species are poorly known and are at an increased risk of extinction. Targeted research is needed to elucidate the conservation status of these species and identify conservation priorities.

scholarly journals Global extinction risk for seahorses, pipefishes and their near relatives (Syngnathiformes)

Oryx ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Riley A. Pollom ◽  
Gina M. Ralph ◽  
Caroline M. Pollock ◽  
Amanda C.J. Vincent
Keyword(s):  
Threatened Species ◽  
Habitat Degradation ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Selective Extraction ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Point Estimate ◽  
Conservation Action ◽  
Data Deficient

Abstract Few marine taxa have been comprehensively assessed for their conservation status, despite heavy pressures from fishing, habitat degradation and climate change. Here we report on the first global assessment of extinction risk for 300 species of syngnathiform fishes known as of 2017, using the IUCN Red List criteria. This order of bony teleosts is dominated by seahorses, pipefishes and seadragons (family Syngnathidae). It also includes trumpetfishes (Aulostomidae), shrimpfishes (Centriscidae), cornetfishes (Fistulariidae) and ghost pipefishes (Solenostomidae). At least 6% are threatened, but data suggest a mid-point estimate of 7.9% and an upper bound of 38%. Most of the threatened species are seahorses (Hippocampus spp.: 14/42 species, with an additional 17 that are Data Deficient) or freshwater pipefishes of the genus Microphis (2/18 species, with seven additional that are Data Deficient). Two species are Near Threatened. Nearly one-third of syngnathiformes (97 species) are Data Deficient and could potentially be threatened, requiring further field research and evaluation. Most species (61%) were, however, evaluated as Least Concern. Primary threats to syngnathids are (1) overexploitation, primarily by non-selective fisheries, for which most assessments were determined by criterion A (Hippocampus) and/or (2) habitat loss and degradation, for which assessments were determined by criterion B (Microphis and some Hippocampus). Threatened species occurred in most regions but more are found in East and South-east Asia and in South African estuaries. Vital conservation action for syngnathids, including constraining fisheries, particularly non-selective extraction, and habitat protection and rehabilitation, will benefit many other aquatic species.

scholarly journals Notes on the threatened lowland forests of Mt Cameroon and their endemics including Drypetes burnleyae sp. nov., with a key to species of Drypetes sect. Stipulares (Putranjivaceae)

Kew Bulletin ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Cheek ◽  
Nouhou Ndam ◽  
Andrew Budden
Keyword(s):  
Conservation Management ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Habitat Destruction ◽  
Coastal Forests ◽  
Key To Species ◽  
International Union ◽  
Species Discovery ◽  
Mount Cameroon ◽  
Lowland Forests

SummaryThis paper reports a further discovery of a new endemic threatened species to science in the context of botanical surveys in the lowland coastal forests of Mount Cameroon in the Cross River-Sanaga interval of west-central Africa. These studies now focus on species discovery and conservation through the Tropical Important Plant Areas programme. New species to science continue to be discovered from Mt Cameroon. Most of these species are rare, highly localised, and threatened by habitat destruction, increasing the justification for improved conservation management of surviving habitat. Drypetes burnleyae is placed in and keyed out in Drypetes sect. Stipulares, a group mostly confined to Lower Guinea, here adjusted to accommodate nine species. The conservation status of Drypetes burnleyae is assessed as Endangered (EN B1+2ab(iii)) according to the 2012 criteria of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. An updated overview of the plant endemics of Mt Cameroon is presented.

scholarly journals Corporate Accountability Towards Species Extinction Protection: Insights from Ecologically Forward-Thinking Companies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Roberts ◽  
Monomita Nandy ◽  
Abeer Hassan ◽  
Suman Lodh ◽  
Ahmed A. Elamer
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Destruction ◽  
Corporate Accountability ◽  
Socially Responsible ◽  
Species Extinction ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Sixth Mass Extinction ◽  
Global Companies ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Mass Extinction Event ◽  
Pseudo Maximum Likelihood

AbstractThis paper contributes to biodiversity and species extinction literature by examining the relationship between corporate accountability in terms of species protection and factors affecting such accountability from forward-thinking companies. We use triangulation of theories, namely deep ecology, legitimacy, and we introduce a new perspective to the stakeholder theory that considers species as a ‘stakeholder’. Using Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood (PPML) regression, we examine a sample of 200 Fortune Global companies over 3 years. Our results indicate significant positive relations between ecologically conscious companies that are accountable for the protection of biodiversity and species extinction and external assurance, environmental performance, partnerships with socially responsible organizations and awards for sustainable activities. Our empirical results appear to be robust in controlling for possible endogeneities. Our findings contribute to the discussion on the concern of species loss and habitat destruction in the context of corporate accountability, especially in responding to the sixth mass extinction event and COVID-19 crisis. Our results can also guide the policymakers and stakeholders of the financial market in better decision making.

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