Revised classification of the New World Cylapini (Heteroptera: Miridae: Cylapinae): taxonomic review of the genera Cylapinus, Cylapoides and Peltidocylapus and a morphology-based phylogenetic analysis of tribe Cylapini

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5074 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-66
Author(s):  
ANDRZEJ WOLSKI
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽  
Taxonomic Review ◽  
Outgroup Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypotheses ◽  
First Time

Cylapini, as currently circumscribed, is a relatively small group of plant bugs currently comprising 17 genera and 65 species. Most representatives of the tribe are distributed in the New World (10 genera and 47 species) with other members occurring in the Afrotropical, Oriental, and Australian regions. They have primarily tropical and subtropical distributions with only a few members inhabiting temperate regions. This paper provides a taxonomic review of three of the New World Cylapini genera: Cylapinus Carvalho, 1986, Cylapoides Carvalho, 1952, and Peltidocylapus Poppius, 1909. Most species are diagnosed and redescribed. Eight new species are described as new: Cylapinus yasunagai sp. nov., Peltidocylapus calyciformis sp. nov., P. caudatus sp. nov., P. ecuadorensis sp. nov., P. pallidus sp. nov., P. parallelus sp. nov., P. simplex sp. nov., and P. spinosus sp. nov. Cylapus festinabundus Bergroth, 1922 is transferred to Peltidocylapus (comb. nov.). Illustrations of male genitalia, scanning electron micrographs of selected structures of certain species, and an identification key of the genera Cylapinus, Cylapoides and Peltidocylapus are provided. Female genitalia are described and illustrated for the first time for most genera of Cylapini. A cladistic analysis of the tribe based on 81 morphological characters is presented as a contribution to the understanding of the ingroup relationships of Cylapini and its relationships with other groups of Cylapinae. The analysis comprises 30 ingroup species and 15 outgroup species. Both equal- and implied weighting parsimony analyses were used in the phylogenetic reconstruction. This analysis was based solely on morphological characters because an insufficient number of specimens suitable for molecular studies were available for most taxa. The study confirmed a close affinity of the taxa currently included in Cylapini, but the tribe was rendered paraphyletic by inclusion of the tribe Vanniini. The grouping comprising both Cylapini + Vanniini and most of its subordinated clades received low nodal support. Both analyses recovered a decisively supported clade comprising the New World genera Amapacylapus, Cylapus, Peltidocylapus, and Valdasus which accommodate most of the Cylapini species, justifying the recognition of the Cylapus complex suggested by previous authors. The results presented here are discussed and compared with previous phylogenetic hypotheses based on different datasets.  

Ammonites phylogenetic analysis: state of the art and new prospects

2004 ◽  
Vol 175 (5) ◽  
pp. 507-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Rouget ◽  
Pascal Neigeet ◽  
Jean-Louis Dommergues
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Quality Of Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Evolutionary Concepts ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypotheses ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Iterative Evolution

Abstract Two main types of data are available to resolve phylogenies using fossils data: (1) stratigraphic ordering of taxa, and (2) morphological characters. In most phylogenetic studies dealing with ammonites, authors have given priority to the stratigraphic distribution of taxa. This practice is classically justified by the fact that the ammonite fossil record is frequently outstandingly good. In practice, the level of integration of stratigraphic and morphologic information in a single analysis depends on the confidence that authors have in the quality of data. Besides, many evolutionary concepts, which could differ over time and between authors (e.g. anagenesis, cladogenesis, iterative evolution), are added to these data to help infer phylogenetic relationships. As a result, phylogenetic hypotheses are based on eclectic methods which depend on the relative weight given to stratigraphic and morphologic information as well as on evolutionary concepts used. The validity of relationships proposed by previous authors is not dealt with in this paper. Instead, our goal is to draw attention to problems that these eclectic methods may cause, that is to say: (1) ammonites systematics is poorly formalised and (2) phylogenetic hypotheses as they are classically constructed are not rigorously testable. During the last 10 years, cladistic analysis has been applied to ammonites but is still unpopular among ammonitologists. However, studies have consistently shown that cladistics is not as unsuited a tool for ammonites phylogenetic reconstruction as is widely believed. Moreover, classical works open new questions about ammonite phylogeny and in particular, help to reappraise our view on the definition of morphological characters and their phylogenetic significance.

Phylogeny and evolution of calcareous sponges

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Manuel
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Phylogeny ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Calcareous Sponges ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypotheses ◽  
Phylogeny And Evolution ◽  
High Level ◽  
The 19Th Century

The most recent advances concerning the phylogeny and evolution of calcareous sponges (Calcarea or Calcispongia) are reviewed here, in the light of the history of taxonomy of the group and conceptions about its evolution, starting from Haeckel's works at the end of the 19th century. Calcisponge phylogeny has recently started to be addressed using modern tools of phylogenetic reconstruction: cladistic analysis of morphological characters and molecular phylogeny (so far using 18S and 28S rDNA sequences). The monophyly of calcareous sponges is strongly supported in these works, as is their subdivision into two clades, Calcinea (whose proposed synapomorphy is the basal position of nuclei in choanocytes, with no relation to the flagella) and Calcaronea (whose possible synapomorphy is the formation of the amphiblastula larva through the original process of eversion of the stomoblastula). While the molecular phylogeny of Calcinea is still in its infancy because of insufficient taxonomic sampling, several lines are emerging for the phylogeny of Calcaronea, and these are in strong disagreement with the classification issued from the "traditional" morphological approach. Phylogenetic hypotheses also permit the reconstruction of morphological character evolution, which appears complex and subject to a high level of homoplasy.

scholarly journals A Phylogeny and Classification of the Senticaudata subord. nov. Crustacea: Amphipoda)

Zootaxa ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 3610 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. LOWRY ◽  
A. A. MYERS
Keyword(s):  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Freshwater Species ◽  
Almost All ◽  
First Time

The Amphipoda includes a large clade defined by the presence of a previously unrecognised synapomorphy, apical robust setae on the rami of uropods 1–2. We term this clade the Senticaudata subord. nov. (Latin: sentis = thorn). It includes almost all freshwater species as well as a number of marine benthic taxa, formerly part of the ‘Gammaridea’. The phylogeny of the senticaudates was determined by cladistic analysis of morphological characters and character states. Within the suborder Senticaudata there are six infraorders: Carangoliopsida, Talitrida, Hadziida, Corophiida, Bogidiellida and Gammarida. A classification is provided and all the senticaudate families are diagnosed. We introduce for the first time in amphipod classification, the level parvorder between infraorder and superfamily. Four new families are described: Kairosidae; Eriopisidae; Nuuanuidae and Kergueleniolidae.

World genera of Mastigitae: review of morphological structures and new ecological data (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4453 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAWEŁ JAŁOSZYŃSKI
Keyword(s):  
Upper Cretaceous ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Ecological Data ◽  
Ecological Adaptations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypotheses ◽  
First Time ◽  
Maxillary Palps

Mastigitae comprise most unusual ant-like stone beetles, showing intriguing morphological characters and ecological adaptations. The largest adults among Scydmaeninae can be found in this group; some reaching nearly 9 mm in length, but there are also adults as small as 1.10 mm. Members of Leptomastacini are microphthalmous and depigmented; Mastigini are often black or contrastingly bicolored and have diurnal life style, adults of some species climbing bushes and trees. Papusini inhabit the driest North American deserts and are active during the warmest time of the year; other taxa live in subtropical forests; some are known to enter caves. Adults of some genera have enigmatic modifications of maxillary palps, postgenae or antennae, whose functions still remain unknown. In one genus the male genitalia are enormously elongate, so that these beetles have evolved a method of copulation not known in any other Coleoptera. The evolutionary history of Mastigitae is documented by fossils since the Upper Cretaceous, and extinct forms are even more 'extreme' in their spiny antennae and unusually elongate appendages than their extant relatives. Although phylogenetic hypotheses have been proposed to clarify the relationships and classification of Mastigitae, morphological structures of most genera remain undescribed. They are reviewed in the present synopsis, with detailed descriptions and illustrations of adult structures of all extant genera (Ablepton, Leptomastax, Taurablepton, Mastigus, Palaeostigus, Stenomastigus, Leptochromus, Clidicus and Papusus), with a brief review of known larval forms and fossils. Novel ecological data are given, with emphasis on habitat preferences and feeding behavior. The 'springtail trap' hypothesis for the spiny antennae of Mastigini is rejected, based on field observations and laboratory experiments. For the first time, details of feeding for Palaeostigus and Leptomastax are described. A checklist of species is given, and the main problems related to the classification, phylogeny and ecology of Mastigitae are discussed. 

Phylogenetic analysis of Rhabdepyris (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) and redefinition of generic limits based on morphological characters

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2284 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
CECILIA WAICHERT ◽  
CELSO O. AZEVEDO
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Outgroup Species

Rhabdepyris (Epyrinae) is a cosmopolitan genus comprised of 132 species. No morphological synapomorphies are known for the genus and the genus is characterized by a combination of characters common to most Epyrini. Herein, we performed a cladistic analysis based on morphological characters to test the monophyly of Rhabdepyris. The three known subgenera of Rhabdepyris (Chlorepyris, Rhabdepyris s. str., and Trichotepyris) and other Epyrini (Anisepyris, Bakeriella, Calyozina, Epyris, Laelius, Trachepyris) were included in the ingroup. The cladistic analysis of 48 taxa (46 ingroup species and two outgroup species) and 81 structural characters yielded 72 cladograms under equal weights, and one under successive weighting. Rhabdepyris was found to be polyphyletic; the subgenus Trichotepyris was closely related to Anisepyris whereas Rhabdepyris str. s. was closely related to Laelius. The subgenus Chlorepyris is paraphyletic. Morphological characters are discussed in the light of the new phylogeny; novel characters are proposed and illustrated, and a new classification of Rhabdepyris and Epyrini is proposed. The following nomenclatural changes are proposed: Trichotepyris is synonymized under Anisepyris (syn. n.); Chlorepyris is recognized as a separated genus (stat. rev.); all 12 American species of the subgenus Rhabdepyris are transferred to Laelius; 22 species of Trichotepyris are transferred to Anisepyris; 58 species are transferred to Chlorepyris. A remaining total of 40 species are now recognized in Rhabdepyris. The holotype of Rhabdepyris, R. myrmecophilus Kieffer, the type species of Rhabdepyris, is redescribed.

Phylogeny and revised classification of the tribe Elachipterini (Diptera: Chloropidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4471 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
JULIA J. MLYNAREK ◽  
TERRY A. WHEELER
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
Old World ◽  
Neotropical Species ◽  
Valid Genus ◽  
Outgroup Species

The phylogenetic relationships of the chloropid tribe Elachipterini were analysed. Sixty-eight exemplar species and seven outgroup species were included in a cladistic analysis based on 76 morphological characters of adult specimens in order to test existing, non-phylogenetic, classifications of the tribe. Nine genera are recognized in the Elachipterini: Allomedeia Mlynarek & Wheeler, Alombus Becker, Anatrichus Loew, Ceratobarys Coquillett, Disciphus Becker, Elachiptera Macquart, Goniaspis Duda, Melanochaeta Bezzi and Sepsidoscinis Hendel. Myrmecosepsis Kertesz is synonymised with Anatrichus, and Togeciphus Nishijima and Cyrtomomyia Becker are synonymised with Elachiptera. Ceratobarys is removed from synonymy with Elachiptera and all Neotropical species and two Nearctic species previously assigned to Elachiptera are transferred to Ceratobarys. Melanochaeta is a valid genus; the type species Melanochaeta capreolus clusters with other species of Melanochaeta and not Oscinella. New combinations include Anatrichus hystrix (Kertesz, 1914) (Myrmecosepsis); Anatrichus taprobane (Andersson, 1977) (Myrmecosepsis), Ceratobarys attenuata (Adams, 1908) (Elachiptera); Ceratobarys cultrata (Wheeler & Forrest, 2002) (Elachiptera); Ceratobarys flavida (Williston, 1896) (Elachiptera); Ceratobarys melinifrons (Mlynarek & Wheeler, 2008) (Elachiptera); Ceratobarys fucosa (Mlynarek & Wheeler, 2008) (Elachiptera); Ceratobarys queposana (Mlynarek & Wheeler, 2008) (Elachiptera); Ceratobarys rubida (Becker, 1912) (Elachiptera); Ceratobarys sacculicornis (Enderlein, 1911) (Elachiptera); Ceratobarys willistoni (Sabrosky, 1948)  (Elachiptera), Elachiptera ensifer (Sabrosky, 1951) (Cyrtomomyia); Elachiptera ericius (Kanmiya, 1983) (Togeciphus); Elachiptera katoi (Nishijima, 1955) (Togeciphus); Elachiptera maculinervis (Becker, 1910) (Cyrtomomyia); Elachiptera punctulata (Becker, 1912) (Cyrtomomyia); Elachiptera subelongata (Kanmiya, 1983) (Disciphus); Elachiptera truncatus (Liu & Yang, 2012) (Togeciphus); Elachiptera tuberculata (Adams, 1905) (Cyrtomomyia) and all the species that were placed in Lasiochaeta are returned to Melanochaeta. A key to genera of the tribe Elachipterini is provided and diagnoses are provided for all genera. The tribe is divided into two geographically distinct clades: the Anatrichus clade includes the Old World tropical genera Allomedeia, Alombus, Anatrichus, Disciphus and Sepsidoscinis; the Elachiptera clade includes the primarily Neotropical genera Goniaspis and Ceratobarys and the widespread, but primarily Holarctic, genera Elachiptera and Melanochaeta. 

Cladistic analysis of the tribe Torneutini Thomson (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae: Trachyderoinia)

Zootaxa ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 1062 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARCELA LAURA MONNÉ ◽  
DILMA SOLANGE NAPP
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Generic Level ◽  
Phylogenetic Classification ◽  
Genus Level ◽  
First Time

A generic-level phylogenetic analysis of the tribe Torneutini Thomson, 1860 is presented based on 72 morphological characters for 39 terminal taxa of which, 31 are representatives of the Torneutini genera. The outgroup includes eight representatives from other tribes. A hypothesis of monophyly for supertribe Trachyderoinia Dupont, 1836 (sensu Fragoso, Monné and Seabra 1987) is presented for the first time. Torneutini, as currently recognized, was shown to be paraphyletic. In order to eliminate this condition, Bothriospilina Lane, 1950 is raised herein to tribe level. Torneutini, as herein defined, comprises the following genera in parenthetic notation: (Macellidiopygus (Psygmatocerus (Gigantotrichoderes (Spathopygus + Coccoderus) (Gnathopraxithea + Praxithea) (Torneutopsis (Torneucerus + Diploschema) (Torneutes (Dragomiris + Dragoneutes) (Thaumasus + Xenambyx)))))). The maintenance of Macellidiopygus in Torneutini needs further investigating. Bothriospilini Lane, 1950, new status, includes in parenthetic notation: ((Ranqueles + Scapanopygus) (Taygayba (Delemodacrys (Bothriospila + Timbaraba))) (Gnaphalodes (Knulliana + Chlorida)))). The position of Chrotoma is still no certain, and it is tentatively included in Bothriospilini. The results indicate that Bothriospilini is closely related to Trachyderini, Pyrestini and Basipterini. A phylogenetic classification of Trachyderoinia at tribe level, and of Torneutini and Bothriospilini at genus level, is proposed.

A revision of Rhaponticoides (Asteraceae, Cardueae–Centaureinae) from Iran

Phytotaxa ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 213 (2) ◽  
pp. 87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazem Negaresh ◽  
SAYED MOHAMMAD REZA KHOSHROO ◽  
ROYA KARAMIAN ◽  
MOHAMMAD REZA JOHARCHI
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Identification Key ◽  
Full Description ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
Taxonomic Review ◽  
Herbarium Collections ◽  
First Time

A taxonomic review of Rhaponticoides in Iran is based on morphological characters of the specimens from the authors’ expeditions and other herbarium collections. Rhaponticoides lachnopus, R. schmidii, R. sect. Iranicae and R. sect. Ruthenicae are proposed as new combinations. Full description for the genus Rhaponticoides and R. sect. Iranicae and R. sect. Ruthenicae are presented for the first time here. Three names, R. lachnopus, R. ruthenica and its synonym, are typified. A synopsis with recognized sections and species, relevant synonyms, type citations, lists of specimens examined and an identification key are provided for the genus Rhaponticoides in Iran. In addition, some notes about ecology and habitat of Rhaponticoides especially in Iran are given. Finally, the geographical distribution of all the 4 species recognized in Iran is presented and mapped.

Supraspecific taxonomy of the flea beetle genus Blepharida Chevrolat, 1836 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in the Afrotropical Region and description of Afroblepharida subgen. nov.

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Biondi ◽  
Roberta Frasca ◽  
Elizabeth Grobbelaar ◽  
Paola D’Alessandro
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
New Name ◽  
New Subgenus ◽  
Afrotropical Region ◽  
Sub Saharan

The supraspecific taxonomy of the species traditionally attributed to the flea beetle genusBlepharidaChevrolat, 1836 is discussed. A cladistic analysis, based on 30 morphological characters of traditionalBlepharidaspecies, has revealed that two genera occur in Sub-Saharan Africa:CalothecaHeyden, 1887 andBlepharidinaBechyné, 1968. The latter genus is known from Africa, and probably also Madagascar, and has two subgenera:Blepharidinas.str. andAfroblepharidasubgen. nov. Twenty-seven traditionalBlepharidaspecies are here attributed to the genusCalothecaHeyden, while eighteen species are assigned to the genusBlepharidinaBechyné. FourBlepharidinaspecies,antinorii(Chapuis, 1879),gedyei(Bryant, 1948),scripta(Weise, 1904) andsomaliensis(Bryant, 1948), belong to the new subgenusAfroblepharida. The following new synonymies are established:Eutheca conradsiWeise, 1906= Eutheca erlangeriWeise, 1907 syn. nov. =Blepharidella irregularisBryant, 1945 syn. nov.;Blepharida marginalisWeise, 1902 =Blepharida monticolaWeise, 1926 syn. nov. =Blepharida ugandaeBryant, 1944 syn. nov.;Blepharida inornataJacoby, 1895 =Blepharida semisulcataAchard, 1922 syn. nov.;Blepharidella lewiniWeise in Lewin, 1912 =Blepharidella picticollisBryant, 1945 syn. nov.;Podontia nigrotessellataBaly, 1865= Blepharidella rubrosignataBryant, 1945 syn. nov.= Blepharidella variabilisBryant, 1945 syn. nov.;Blepharida ornataBaly, 1881= Blepharida freyiBechyné, 1954 syn. nov.;Podontia reticulataBaly, 1865= Blepharida guttulaBryant, 1944 syn. nov.;Blepharida antinoriiChapuis, 1879 =Blepharida sudanicaBryant, 1944 syn. nov.;Blepharida scriptaWeise, 1904= Blepharida geminataBryant, 1944 syn. nov. In addition:Blepharida plagipennisAchard, 1922, its locality certainly mislabeled, is transferred to the New World genusNotozonaChevrolat, 1837;Calotheca thunbergiis proposed as the new name forBlepharida stolida(Thunberg, 1808). Finally, an updated catalogue of the known species ofCalothecaandBlepharidinais also supplied, including new synonymies, material examined, new faunistic records, distributions and chorotypes.

scholarly journals Taxonomic review of the plant bug genera Amapacylapus and Cylapus with descriptions of two new species and a key to the genera of Cylapini (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-455
Author(s):  
Andrzej Wolski
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Electron Micrographs ◽  
Male Genitalia ◽  
New World ◽  
Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
Key To Species ◽  
Taxonomic Review ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Scanning Electron

The plant bug tribe Cylapini (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae: Cylapinae) is diagnosed and a worldwide key to the genera of the tribe is provided. The taxonomic review of the New World Cylapini genera Amapacylapus Carvalho & Fontes,1968 and Cylapus Say, 1832 is provided, including a key to species, diagnoses and redescriptions of genera and most included species, and descriptions of two new species, Amapacylapus unicolor sp. nov. (Ecuador) and Cylapus luridus sp. nov. (Brazil). Illustrations of the male genitalia, color photographs of the adult and scanning electron micrographs of the selected species are provided. The genus Cylapocerus Carvalho & Fontes, 1968 syn. nov. is proposed as a junior synonym of Cylapus with all species currently placed in Cylapocerus transferred to Cylapus. The following new combinations are established: Cylapus amazonicus (Carvalho, 1989) comb. nov., Cylapus antennatus (Carvalho & Fontes, 1968) comb. nov., and Cylapus tucuruiensis (Carvalho, 1989) comb. nov. Peltidocylapus labeculosus (Bergroth, 1922) is transferred to the genus Amapacylapus as Amapacylapus labeculosus (Bergroth, 1922) comb. nov. Male neotype is designated for Cylapus tenuicornis Say, 1832. The following new country records are provided: Amapacylapus amapariensis Carvalho & Fontes, 1968 (Ecuador, Guyana); Cylapus amazonicus (Bolivia, Ecuador); Cylapus antennatus (Ecuador); Cylapus citus Bergroth, 1922 (Bolivia, Brazil, Guyana, Peru); Cylapus marginicollis (Distant, 1883) (Nicaragua, Panama); Cylapus ruficeps Bergroth, 1922 (Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador); Cylapus tenuicornis (USA); Cylapus tucuruiensis (Venezuela).

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