scholarly journals An Appraisal for the Need to Start Independent Research Institutes and Study Programs in Metabolic Engineering

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Adhikarla Suryanarayana Rao
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Engineering ◽  
Independent Research ◽  
Research Institutes ◽  
Study Programs

scholarly journals New role model for teachers in Higher Education?

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-67
Author(s):  
Hagen Hochrinner
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Knowledge Transfer ◽  
Teaching Methods ◽  
Role Model ◽  
Independent Research ◽  
Study Programs ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The One ◽  
Traditional Structures ◽  
Successful Education

AbstractThe traditional university was for decades not called into question as a place for R---amp---D and higher education.At the one hand this enabled successful independent research, at the other hand there was few need to reflect traditional structures of knowledge transfer.The nowadays omnipresent decrease in financial resources has caused universities to compete for financial support from the business sector; additionally universities have to justify their existence for their duties in education for providing the society with academic skilled working forces. This leads to a competition between the universities and to attract applicants they have to boost the attractivity of the offered study programs. Education became a market.The traditional methods of ex-cathedra teaching have been the standard mean of knowledge transfer for a long time. The pedagogical concepts at the tertiary level were neglected; in many institutions the teaching duties were seen more as a burden than mission.The paper will show that the values of our great philosophers are still valid and how the new teaching approach of Dual Education can fulfill requirements of industry for young academics at the entrance to business life.The development of dual study programs and a new pedagogical approach in teaching methods may be one mean to face the challenges for the successful education especially in the technical sciences.

The Role of Sleep Deprivation Research in Human Factors

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 575-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Naitoh ◽  
Richard E. Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Sleep Loss ◽  
Independent Research ◽  
Research Institutes ◽  
Machine Systems ◽  
Term Field

Sleep loss is a ubiquitous phenomenon that occurs on many long-term field missions. The effects of sleep loss are, in general, detrimental to efficient functioning of man-machine systems. To illustrate the effect of sleep loss on task performance, data from four independent research institutes are reviewed. Data are presented relating to the prevention of sleep loss, and to the detection and minimization of sleep loss effects when they occur.

Independent Research Institutes

Science ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 140 (3565) ◽  
pp. 424-426
Author(s):  
M. E. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Independent Research ◽  
Research Institutes

Independent Research Institutes

Science ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 140 (3565) ◽  
pp. 426-427
Author(s):  
Joseph Fugger
Keyword(s):  
Independent Research ◽  
Research Institutes

Response : Independent Research Institutes

Science ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 140 (3565) ◽  
pp. 427-427
Author(s):  
Dael Wolfle
Keyword(s):  
Independent Research ◽  
Research Institutes

scholarly journals Standard-relevant publications: evidence, processes and influencing factors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Knut Blind ◽  
Alex Fenton
Keyword(s):  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Reference Lists ◽  
Performance Indicator ◽  
Standard Setting ◽  
Independent Research ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Research Institutes ◽  
Funding Agencies ◽  
Standard Essential Patents ◽  
Scientific Papers

AbstractThis paper introduces the concept of standard-relevant publications, complementary to standard-essential patents and framed by the concept of knowledge utilization. By analyzing the reference lists of the around 20,000 standards released by ISO, authors of scientific papers cited in standards who are working at German institutions were identified. The institutions include universities, independent research societies, ministerial research institutes and companies. Almost thirty interviews were conducted with the most-cited of these authors. The interviews addressed the processes by which scientific publications come to be referenced in standards, and the motivations, the barriers and the effects of this. The findings demonstrate opportunities for and challenges to establishing standard-relevant publications as a new performance indicator for researchers, funding agencies, standard-setting organizations and ultimately regulators.

scholarly journals Discovering the Secret Listener: Western Radio Broadcasts to Soviet Lithuania

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 91-110
Author(s):  
Inga Arlauskaitė Zakšauskienė
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Behavioral Patterns ◽  
Independent Research ◽  
Potential Influence ◽  
Public Opinion Research ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Research Department ◽  
Research Institutes ◽  
The Soviet Union

The research of Western radio audiences in the Soviet Union was carried out by the department of Soviet Area Audience and Opinion Research, which was in charge of the RFE/RL; however, factual surveys were conducted by independent research institutes, which ensured that the results were neutral and no prejudices with regard to a particular broadcaster were present. The key indices to be measured were the size of the audience that listened to Western radio broadcasts as well as the listeners’ behavioral patterns. Making use of these parameters, the authorities of these radios were able to modify the character of radio programming, to design the content of the information provided, and to observe the potential influence of radio broadcasts in the context of ideological opposition. It is important to stress that based on the methodology and the amount of information available at that time, individual persons’ surveys conducted by Radio Liberty audience and the opinion research department were not adequate to what is considered, in the contemporary sense, proper public opinion research.

Metabolic engineering of CHO cells to prepare glycoproteins

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiong Wang ◽  
Michael J. Betenbaugh
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Engineering ◽  
Cho Cells ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Chinese Hamster ◽  
Post Translational Modification ◽  
Effector Functions ◽  
Recombinant Glycoproteins ◽  
Production Platform ◽  
Chemical Inhibitors ◽  
Amino Acid Mutations

As a complex and common post-translational modification, N-linked glycosylation affects a recombinant glycoprotein's biological activity and efficacy. For example, the α1,6-fucosylation significantly affects antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and α2,6-sialylation is critical for antibody anti-inflammatory activity. Terminal sialylation is important for a glycoprotein's circulatory half-life. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are currently the predominant recombinant protein production platform, and, in this review, the characteristics of CHO glycosylation are summarized. Moreover, recent and current metabolic engineering strategies for tailoring glycoprotein fucosylation and sialylation in CHO cells, intensely investigated in the past decades, are described. One approach for reducing α1,6-fucosylation is through inhibiting fucosyltransferase (FUT8) expression by knockdown and knockout methods. Another approach to modulate fucosylation is through inhibition of multiple genes in the fucosylation biosynthesis pathway or through chemical inhibitors. To modulate antibody sialylation of the fragment crystallizable region, expressions of sialyltransferase and galactotransferase individually or together with amino acid mutations can affect antibody glycoforms and further influence antibody effector functions. The inhibition of sialidase expression and chemical supplementations are also effective and complementary approaches to improve the sialylation levels on recombinant glycoproteins. The engineering of CHO cells or protein sequence to control glycoforms to produce more homogenous glycans is an emerging topic. For modulating the glycosylation metabolic pathways, the interplay of multiple glyco-gene knockouts and knockins and the combination of multiple approaches, including genetic manipulation, protein engineering and chemical supplementation, are detailed in order to achieve specific glycan profiles on recombinant glycoproteins for superior biological function and effectiveness.

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