The Role of Sleep Deprivation Research in Human Factors

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 575-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Naitoh ◽  
Richard E. Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Sleep Loss ◽  
Independent Research ◽  
Research Institutes ◽  
Machine Systems ◽  
Term Field

Sleep loss is a ubiquitous phenomenon that occurs on many long-term field missions. The effects of sleep loss are, in general, detrimental to efficient functioning of man-machine systems. To illustrate the effect of sleep loss on task performance, data from four independent research institutes are reviewed. Data are presented relating to the prevention of sleep loss, and to the detection and minimization of sleep loss effects when they occur.

137 Recovery Dynamics in a Biomathematical Model of Fatigue

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A56-A56
Author(s):  
Mark McCauley ◽  
Peter McCauley ◽  
Hans Van Dongen
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Sleep Loss ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Commercial Aviation ◽  
Circadian Misalignment ◽  
Total Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Homeostatic Process ◽  
Recovery Sleep

Abstract Introduction In commercial aviation and other operational settings where biomathematical models of fatigue are used for fatigue risk management, accurate prediction of recovery during rest periods following duty periods with sleep loss and/or circadian misalignment is critical. The recuperative potential of recovery sleep is influenced by a variety of factors, including long-term, allostatic effects of prior sleep/wake history. For example, recovery tends to be slower after sustained sleep restriction versus acute total sleep deprivation. Capturing such dynamics has proven to be challenging. Methods Here we focus on the dynamic biomathematical model of McCauley et al. (2013). In addition to a circadian process, this model features differential equations for sleep/wake regulation including a short-term sleep homeostatic process capturing change in the order of hours/days and a long-term allostatic process capturing change in the order of days/weeks. The allostatic process modulates the dynamics of the homeostatic process by shifting its equilibrium setpoint, which addresses recently observed phenomena such as reduced vulnerability to sleep loss after banking sleep. It also differentiates the build-up and recovery rates of fatigue under conditions of chronic sleep restriction versus acute total sleep deprivation; nonetheless, it does not accurately predict the disproportionately rapid recovery seen after total sleep deprivation. To improve the model, we hypothesized that the homeostatic process may also modulate the allostatic process, with the magnitude of this effect scaling as a function of time awake. Results To test our hypothesis, we added a parameter to the model to capture modulation by the homeostatic process of the allostatic process build-up during wakefulness and dissipation during sleep. Parameter estimation using previously published laboratory datasets of fatigue showed this parameter as significantly different from zero (p<0.05) and yielding a 10%–20% improvement in goodness-of-fit for recovery without adversely affecting goodness-of-fit for pre-recovery days. Conclusion Inclusion of a modulation effect of the allostatic process by the homeostatic process improved prediction accuracy in a variety of sleep loss and circadian misalignment scenarios. In addition to operational relevance for duty/rest scheduling, this finding has implications for understanding mechanisms underlying the homeostatic and allostatic processes of sleep/wake regulation. Support (if any) Federal Express Corporation

scholarly journals Forest, forest, forest. Sometimes we sleep. Walking, sleep, walking, sleep. It’s dangerous on this way

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (44) ◽  
pp. 204-221
Author(s):  
Marijana Hameršak ◽  
Iva Pleše
Keyword(s):  
Field Research ◽  
The Other ◽  
Border Control ◽  
Exclusionary Policies ◽  
The One ◽  
External Interventions ◽  
Place And Route ◽  
Term Field

Hidden migrant routes through Croatia lead through forest areas (among other types of terrain) which include those along state borders, but also forests in the interior of the territory. Those forests can variously be seen as shelters for migrants, albeit harsh, or as green tunnels leading to desired destinations, and as scenes of suffering and violence. This article approaches the forests in question as landscapes that have been transformed from a neutral natural environment into active factors for creating and maintaining border control regimes and deterring and expelling unwanted migrants. Based on our long-term field research and publicly available (archival, media and other) sources, we seek to document, interpret, and interconnect the objects and practices involved in constructing the forest as a hostile terrain and perilous environment for migrants, and as an important element in controlling unwanted migrations. These are, on the one hand, objects and practices that intervene into forests, such as setting up cameras or cutting down trees, and, on the other, interventions that take place in forests, such as police interception or expulsion. Apart from these external interventions, in this context of remodeling forests into dangerous environments, one can also discuss the role of nature itself and its characteristics, as well as the causes of why migrants find themselves in nature in the first place. Although, at first glance, it seems that people on the move choose the forest as the place and route of their movement of their own volition, they are pushed and expelled into these forests by exclusionary policies (visa regimes, asylum systems, etc.). This, ultimately, classifies forests in Croatia as weaponized landscapes of exclusion and death, such as the desert (e.g., De León 2015), mountain (Del Biaggio et al. 2020), maritime (e.g., Albahari 2015) or archipelago (Mountz 2017) landscapes

The role of attention during retrieval in working-memory span: A dual-task study

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 733-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Karl Healey ◽  
Akira Miyake
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Divided Attention ◽  
Secondary Task ◽  
Memory Span ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Operation Span ◽  
Target Words

We tested the hypothesis that retrieving target words in operation span (OSpan) involves attention-demanding processes. Participants completed the standard OSpan task and a modified version in which all equations preceded all target words. Recall took place under either full attention or easy versus hard divided-attention conditions. Recall suffered under divided attention with the recall decrement being greater for the hard secondary task. Moreover, secondary-task performance was disrupted more by the standard OSpan task than by the modified version with the hard secondary task showing the larger decrement. Finally, the time taken to start recalling the first word was considerably longer for the standard version than for the modified version. These results are consistent with the proposal that successful OSpan task performance in part involves the attention-demanding retrieval of targets from long-term memory.

Between the Lab and the Field: Plants and the Affective Atmospheres Of Southern Science

2021 ◽  
pp. 016224392110551
Author(s):  
Sandra Calkins
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge Production ◽  
Scientific Collaboration ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Scientific Knowledge Production ◽  
Biology I ◽  
Term Field

In view of persistent global inequalities in scientific knowledge production with clear centers and peripheries, this paper examines a lingering concern for many scientists in the Global South: why is it, at times, so hard to have scientific insights from the South recognized? This paper addresses this big question from within a long-term field immersion in a Ugandan–Australian scientific collaboration in molecular biology. I show how disciplinary hierarchies of value affect the distribution of labor between Uganda and Australia and thematize the role of place and its affective atmospheres that texture the quotidian scientific work in this project. Unsurprisingly, they tend to devalue Ugandan sites and contributions, and turn Uganda into a rather unlikely site for new insights to emerge. However, in spite of doing devalued and outsourced “menial” labor such as fieldwork, Ugandan biologists’ fieldwork involves affective encounters with their experimental banana plants that thereby become differently thinkable. The paper argues that attending to affective atmospheres that infuse research sites offers clues about scientists’ position in global hierarchies and at the same time can help make room for insights that emanate from unexpected places.

scholarly journals Automatic language and information processing: rethinking evaluation

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAREN SPARCK JONES
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Performance Measures ◽  
System Evaluation ◽  
Task Context ◽  
Human Participant ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Performance Results

System evaluation has mattered since research on automatic language and information processing began. However, the (D)ARPA conferences have raised the stakes substantially in requiring and delivering systematic evaluations and in sustaining these through long term programmes; and it has been claimed that this has both significantly raised task performance, as defined by appropriate effectiveness measures, and promoted relevant engineering development. These controlled laboratory evaluations have made very strong assumptions about the task context. The paper examines these assumptions for six task areas, considers their impact on evaluation and performance results, and argues that for current tasks of interest, e.g. summarising, it is now essential to play down the present narrowly-defined performance measures in order to address the task context, and specifically the role of the human participant in the task, so that new measures, of larger value, can be developed and applied.

scholarly journals Impact of total sleep deprivation and related mood changes on approach-avoidance decisions to threat-related facial displays

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Grèzes ◽  
Mégane Erblang ◽  
Emma Vilarem ◽  
Michael Quiquempoix ◽  
Pascal Van Beers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Sustained Attention ◽  
Positive Mood ◽  
Sleep Loss ◽  
Total Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Mood Changes ◽  
Approach Avoidance ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Study Objectives Total sleep deprivation is known to have significant detrimental effects on cognitive and socio-emotional functioning. Nonetheless, the mechanisms by which total sleep loss disturbs decision-making in social contexts are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the impact of total sleep deprivation on approach/avoidance decisions when faced with threatening individuals, as well as the potential moderating role of sleep-related mood changes. Methods Participants (n = 34) made spontaneous approach/avoidance decisions in the presence of task-irrelevant angry or fearful individuals, while rested or totally sleep deprived (27 hours of continuous wakefulness). Sleep-related changes in mood and sustained attention were assessed using the Positive and Negative Affective Scale and the psychomotor vigilance task, respectively. Results Rested participants avoided both fearful and angry individuals, with stronger avoidance for angry individuals, in line with previous results. On the contrary, totally sleep deprived participants favored neither approach nor avoidance of fearful individuals, while they still comparably avoided angry individuals. Drift-diffusion models showed that this effect was accounted for by the fact that total sleep deprivation reduced value-based evidence accumulation toward avoidance during decision making. Finally, the reduction of positive mood after total sleep deprivation positively correlated with the reduction of fearful display avoidance. Importantly, this correlation was not mediated by a sleep-related reduction in sustained attention. Conclusions All together, these findings support the underestimated role of positive mood-state alterations caused by total sleep loss on approach/avoidance decisions when facing ambiguous socio-emotional displays, such as fear.

Exploring the role of human factors in lean management

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 339-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Gaiardelli ◽  
Barbara Resta ◽  
Stefano Dotti
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Work Environment ◽  
Job Characteristics ◽  
Operational Performance ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Lean Practices ◽  
Physical Work Environment

Purpose Although lean popularity is rapidly growing, its implementation is far from problem-free and companies may experience difficulties in sustaining long-term success. On this premises, the purpose of this paper is to understand to what extent human factors, affected by the implementation of both hard (defined as technical and analytical tools) and soft (concerning people and relations) lean practices, play a key role in achieving long-term superior performance. Design/methodology/approach The analysis of the relationships between lean practices implementation, human factors and operational performance is carried out in a single exploratory case study. A retrospective approach is adopted to trace the changes of human and operational performance before, during and after the introduction of lean management (LM) implementation. In particular, a mixed method concurrent design merging results of a qualitative analysis with data collected from a survey is selected to provide a more realistic benefit in the exploration of the proposed research questions. Findings The results show a short-term direct relationship between the implementation of lean practices (hard and soft) and physical work environment and job characteristics, directly connected to operational outcome. In the long term, operational performance is influenced by employee behaviour outcome and conditioned by physical work environment and job characteristics with the mediating effect of individual characteristics. Practical implications The proposed model supports the building of a roadmap for LM implementation, taking into account the role of the human factors to achieve superior operational performance. Moreover, it helps managers to implement a monitoring system to check how social and technical components of a LM system evolve over time. Finally, it supports the definition of specific training programs, tailored for specific workers’ types. Originality/value This paper extends theory in LM, highlighting how hard and soft lean practices have to interact to enable a successful LM implementation.

The role of sulphur in maintaining lucerne yields in the Lockyer Valley

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (69) ◽  
pp. 515 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Dickson ◽  
CJ Asher
Keyword(s):  
Plant Analysis ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Weed Invasion ◽  
Sulphur Deficiency ◽  
Sulphur Fertilizer ◽  
Vigorous Growth ◽  
High Production ◽  
Term Field

Results of a long-term field experiment at Gatton in the Lockyer Valley of south-eastern Queensland showed that sulphur fertilizer was necessary for the maintenance of high production in irrigated lucerne stands. A single application of 125 kg S ha-1 was effective in maintaining vigorous growth of lucerne for five years, and an application of 250 kg S ha-1 maintained stand vigour for nine years. No advantage of smaller more frequent applications was demonstrated. Flowers of sulphur, gypsum and superphosphate were equally effective as sulphur carriers. In addition to maintaining stand vigour and reducing weed invasion, application of sulphur raised both the sulphur and the nitrogen content of forage. However relationships between yield and sulphur content, and yield and N : S ratio in the forage were too variable from harvest to harvest to permit precise detection of sulphur deficiency by means of plant analysis.

Rituals with Music and Food, Food with Music and Rituals

2021 ◽  
pp. 193-204
Author(s):  
Gisa Jähnichen
Keyword(s):  
Instrumental Music ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Research Outcomes ◽  
The World ◽  
Food Offerings ◽  
Term Field

There is a number of human rituals that are accompanied by sacrifices of food and drinks. Ritual practices of different people are a huge resource of these habits that are found all over the world. This research paper will focus on the role of instrumental music in guiding these sacrifices among selected communities inhabiting Southeast Asia’s mainland. Through a multi-perspective observation this research aims at showing order principles, musical requirements, and their variability, which will be analysed and discussed. Long term field work and participant observation over a specific period of time are the basic preconditions for this research. In addition, this research is also to question basic principles of conveying research outcomes and the use of well-established research tools in order to categorize and identify types of musical and ritual behaviour. The perspective of food offerings may shift the focus from musicality within rituals to the focus on social digestion in the context of sustaining communities.

scholarly journals Sleep deprivation enhances false memory on the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) task

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-130
Author(s):  
Kedarmal Verma ◽  
Naveen Kashyap
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
False Memory ◽  
False Memories ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Semantic Association ◽  
High Confidence ◽  
Consolidation Process ◽  
Recovery Sleep

False memories are memories that people report to be true with high confidence, even though they had never encountered the fact behind the memory in reality. Such memories possess strong semantic association with already existing encoded memories which hence appear to be familiar. Sleep is known to provide optimal conditions for the consolidation of long-term memories whereas the deprivation of sleep is known to hinder memory’s consolidation process. The role of sleep in the formation and enhancement of false memories was tested. The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) task was used to induce false memory in thirty-nine male volunteers who either slept or remained awake following learning. Following a night of recovery sleep both groups returned for retrieval of memory. It was found that sleep deprivation in comparison to sleep led to higher false memory.

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