Nutritional Composition of Soft Drinks and Chips Consumed by School-aged Children in Dakar (Senegal)

Background: Intake of sugar sweetened soft drinks (SSSD) has decreased among adolescents, but trends in social inequality in SSSD intake are unknown. Aim: Examine trends in social inequality in SSSD intake among adolescents in Denmark during 2002–2018. Methods: Five Health Behaviour in School-aged Children surveys with data on SSSD intake and parents’ occupational social class (OSC) from nationally representative samples of 11, 13 and 15 year olds, n =20,112. Results: The overall prevalence of daily SSSD intake decreased from 10.1% in 2002 to 6.4% in 2018. The prevalence decreased in both high OSC (from 8% to 5%) and middle OSC (from 10% to 6%) but remained around 12% in low OSC. The odds ratio (OR) estimates of low compared with high OSC increased over the years around an overall OR of 2.01 (1.74–2.34). Conclusions: Danish adolescents’ SSSD intake decreased during 2002–2018 and was higher the lower the parents’ OSC. Thus, social inequality increased during 2002–2018.

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Relative validity of a food frequency questionnaire for obesity surveillance in school-aged children – The Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative in Ireland

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1017/s0029665120004693 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽

Author(s):

Silvia Bel-Serrat ◽

Mairéad Madigan ◽

Rachel Sheane ◽

Celine M. Murrin ◽

Cecily C. Kelleher ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Childhood Obesity ◽

Correlation Coefficient ◽

Primary Schools ◽

Weighted Kappa ◽

Food Group ◽

Soft Drinks ◽

Food Diary ◽

Relative Validity ◽

School Aged Children ◽

Level Of Agreement

AbstractIntroductionValidation studies are indispensable to test the appropriateness of dietary assessment methods used within epidemiological surveys to accurately assess food intake in young populations. The aim of this study was to examine the relative validity of the food group frequency questionnaire (FGFQ) used to assess dietary intake in the Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative.Materials and MethodsThis study was undertaken in a convenience sample of 33 Irish children aged 7–9 years old from urban Dublin-based primary schools. Food group intake estimates were collected with the FGFQand compared with those obtained with a 7-day semi-weighed food diary. Agreement between frequencies of intake between the two instruments were examined using Spearman's correlation coefficient, cross-classification analyses and weighted kappa.ResultsThe FGFQ over-estimated the number of portions for most of the food groups as compared with the reference method. Spearman correlation coefficients ranged from 0.75 (cheese) to 0.03 (flavoured milk). Level of agreement was moderate with an average correlation coefficient of 0.45. The proportion of children classified in the same category ranged from 96.9% (sweet treats) to 60.6% (vegetables). Misclassification was less than 15% for fruit, soft drinks, low fat milk, fish, savoury snacks and sweet treats and above 30% for vegetables, dairy products and pastries & biscuits. Weighted kappa statistic values ranged from 0.84 (sweet treats) to 0.10 (vegetables). Mean level of agreement was moderate (0.39). No agreement (< 0.0) was found for soft drinks.DiscussionAlthough the strength of association estimates varied by food group, strong to moderate levels of relative validity were observed. Our results show that the FGFQ gives acceptable estimates of food group intakes among Irish school-aged children and that the tool can be used for ranking subjects according to food group intakes.

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A Belgian study on the reliability and relative validity of the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children food-frequency questionnaire

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1079/phn2003466 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 6 (6) ◽

pp. 581-588 ◽

Cited By ~ 164

Author(s):

Carine A Vereecken ◽

Lea Maes

Keyword(s):

Health Behaviour ◽

Food Frequency Questionnaire ◽

Weighted Kappa ◽

Study Data ◽

Soft Drinks ◽

Food Diary ◽

Food Frequency ◽

Relative Validity ◽

School Aged Children ◽

Food Items

AbstractObjective:In the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) survey, the frequency of consumption of a limited number of food items – focusing on fibre, calcium and less healthy items – is queried using a 15-item food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The present study was conducted to assess the reliability and relative validity of the HBSC FFQ among school pupils in Belgium.Design and subjects:To assess the reliability of the FFQ, 207 pupils aged 11–12 years and 560 pupils aged 13–14 years completed the questionnaire twice, with a test–retest interval of 6 to 15 days. To assess the relative validity of the FFQ, in a first study data were collected as part of the Flemish HBSC 2000 survey: 7072 pupils (11–18 years) completed the FFQ and a 24-hour food behaviour checklist (FBC). In a second study, 101 pupils (11–12 years) completed the FFQ and a 7-day food diary (FD).Results:Reliability – weighted kappa values between test and retest ranged from 0.43 to 0.70, percentage agreement from 37 to 87%, and Spearman correlations from 0.52 to 0.82. Relative validity – comparison of the FBC with the percentage of respondents who should have consumed the food items on a random day, computed from the FFQ, showed good agreement between the FFQ and the FBC for most items. Only for cereals, diet soft drinks and other milk products were considerably higher food frequencies than expected found from the FBC. Comparison of the FFQ with the FD showed overestimation for all but three food items (cheese, soft drinks and chips). Spearman correlations ranged between 0.10 for crisps and 0.65 for semi-skimmed milk.Conclusion:The HBSC FFQ is a reliable questionnaire that can be used for ranking subjects for most food items, although one must consider the overestimation when the FFQ is used for estimating prevalences.

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The quality of school lunch consumed reflects overall eating patterns in 11–16-year-old schoolchildren in Finland

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980011001388 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 14 (12) ◽

pp. 2092-2098 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Tanja Tilles-Tirkkonen ◽

Saara Pentikäinen ◽

Jenni Lappi ◽

Leila Karhunen ◽

Kaisa Poutanen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Primary Schools ◽

Dairy Products ◽

School Lunch ◽

Soft Drinks ◽

Eating Patterns ◽

School Aged Children ◽

Family Dinner ◽

Eastern Finland ◽

At Home

AbstractObjectiveTo explore how the quality of school lunch consumed reflected overall eating patterns in school-aged children.DesignChildren filled in an Internet-based questionnaire about their eating patterns. The children were then divided into balanced and imbalanced school lunch eaters on the basis of their responses in the questionnaire. A balanced school lunch consisted of, by the definition used in the present study, a main dish, salad and bread.SettingEleven primary schools and one middle school in eastern Finland.SubjectsA total of 531 schoolchildren (247 boys and 284 girls) aged 11–16 years.ResultsThe school lunch was balanced in 46·5 % of children. Eating a balanced school lunch was associated with overall healthier eating patterns outside school. Children who ate a balanced school lunch had more regular meal times and consumed healthier snacks. They ate fruit or berries and vegetables, dairy products and wholegrain foods more often, consumed fewer salty snacks, pizzas, meat pies and drank fewer soft drinks and energy drinks. Their eating patterns at home were also healthier, with vegetables being offered at every family dinner and fruit being offered daily, whereas soft drinks were offered seldom.ConclusionsThe choices made by children in their school lunch reflect the overall eating patterns among school-aged children. Eating a balanced school lunch is associated with more regular meal patterns, the availability of healthier foods at home and an overall healthier diet, suggesting that healthy eating patterns are learnt at home.

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Greenlandic schoolchildren’s compliance with national dietary guidelines

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980009992795 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 1162-1169 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Birgit Niclasen ◽

Christina W Schnohr

Keyword(s):

Seasonal Variation ◽

Food Item ◽

Eating Habits ◽

Strong Relationship ◽

Soft Drinks ◽

Dietary Guidelines ◽

National Guidelines ◽

Traditional Foods ◽

Family Affluence ◽

School Aged Children

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to examine to what extent children and adolescents in Greenland comply with the national dietary guidelines, and to analyse the influence of habitation and family affluence on the compliance with dietary guidelines.DesignData were from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey in Greenland. The 2006 survey included 2462 students aged 11 to 17 years.ResultsThe proportion of students complying with the national dietary guidelines varied from 14 % to 87 % depending on the food item. Sweets and soft drinks had the lowest compliance. The oldest children had the following characteristics compared with the younger children: fewer ate traditional Greenlandic foods, fewer ate fruit, fewer ate breakfast daily on school days and more drank soft drinks frequently. More boys than girls ate traditional Greenlandic foods often, while more girls ate vegetables daily. The least favourable eating habits in general were found among children from low affluent families and children in villages.ConclusionsMany Greenlandic schoolchildren did not comply with the national dietary guidelines. Despite a higher intake of traditional foods as a whole, children in villages and less affluent children were less likely to comply with guidelines. A strong relationship between diet, family affluence and availability was found. The study findings indicate that factors such as availability, cost and seasonal variation are important to the intake of both imported and traditional Greenlandic foods. The findings should be taken into consideration when promoting the national guidelines.

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Are school-aged children consuming soft drinks more aggressive because they are more nervous and irritated?

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/cku166.157 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 24 (suppl_2) ◽

Author(s):

J Holubcikova ◽

P Kolarcik ◽

A Madarasova Geckova ◽

JP van Dijk ◽

S Reijneveld

Keyword(s):

Soft Drinks ◽

School Aged Children

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Children's and parents' health perception of different soft drinks

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114514004073 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 113 (3) ◽

pp. 526-535 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Tamara Bucher ◽

Michael Siegrist

Keyword(s):

Sugar Content ◽

Soft Drinks ◽

Health Perception ◽

Children's Health ◽

Children’S Health ◽

Sorting Task ◽

Health Perceptions ◽

School Aged Children ◽

Sorting Data ◽

Product Choices

Beverages are among the first independent product choices that school-aged children will make and unhealthy choices can be a threat to children's health. The present study investigated which beverage attributes shape adults' and children's health perceptions. For this purpose, 100 children (fifty-two boys; mean age 8·8 (sd 1·1) years) and their parents were invited to independently perform a beverage-sorting task. Participants were asked to place twenty commonly consumed soft drinks in a line ranging from ‘unhealthy’ to ‘healthy’. The sorting data were analysed using multidimensional scaling with property fitting and hierarchical clustering. Sugar content (βparents= − 0·78, βchildren= − 0·68; P< 0·001), artificial sweeteners (βparents= − 0·68, βchildren= − 0·66; P< 0·001), fruit content (βparents= 0·33, βchildren= 0·36; P< 0·05) and caffeine content (βparents= − 0·45, βchildren= − 0·46; P< 0·01) were found to be the predictors of parents' and children's health perceptions. Parents' and children's estimates were strongly related (rs 0·70 (sd 0·15)); both groups classified the beverages into similar clusters. However, compared with their parents, children perceived beverages such as fruit juices and grapefruit soda to be healthier. In conclusion, parents' and children's health perceptions were strongly related based on the same relevant attributes for evaluation. However, fruit content was considered a more important criterion by children, which might lead to differences in the health perception between children and their parents. Low fruit content and the belief of beverages being ‘natural’ could positively bias perceptions. Therefore, certain soft drinks such as squashes or fruit lemonades are problematic, and the consumer's awareness of their low nutritional quality should be raised.

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Selected Behavioural Factors Affecting Oral Health in Schoolchildren: Results from the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) Slovak Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17207516 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (20) ◽

pp. 7516

Author(s):

Eliška Štefanová ◽

Tibor Baška ◽

Jana Holubčíková ◽

Silvia Timková ◽

Mária Tatarková ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Health ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Health Behaviour ◽

Soft Drinks ◽

Positive Development ◽

Oral Diseases ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

School Aged Children ◽

Lower Socioeconomic ◽

Behavioural Factors

Oral diseases, particularly dental caries, affect as much as nine in 10 persons globally. Its development starts during childhood. Behavioural factors play an important role in its aetiology. The aim of the research was to analyse the prevalence of selected behavioural factors associated with dental caries in Slovak adolescents. Selected factors, such as toothbrushing less than once a day, consumption of sweets and sweetened soft drinks daily and their combination, were analysed using data from Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children surveys carried out in 2005/2006, 2009/2010, 2013/2014 and 2017/2018 in Slovakia. The target group consisted of 11- to 13-year-old schoolchildren. The results were analysed by sex and socioeconomic status. The consumption of sweets and sweetened soft drinks, despite declining, remains widespread (41.3% of boys and 39.6% of girls in 2017/2018). The absence of daily toothbrushing, similarly as a co-occurrence of factors, were more frequent in boys (10.6% and 5.0% in 2017/2018, respectively) than in girls (5.1% and 2.3% in 2017/2018, respectively). The absence of daily toothbrushing was associated with a lower socioeconomic situation. In conclusion, behavioural risk factors affecting oral health are widespread in Slovak adolescents. Despite the positive development of the epidemiological situation, effective interventions, as well as the improvement of oral hygiene in lower socioeconomic groups, are needed.

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Nutritional composition of the food supply: a comparison of soft drinks and breakfast cereals between three European countries based on labels

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1038/s41430-019-0442-9 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 74 (1) ◽

pp. 17-27 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Karine Vin ◽

Julie Beziat ◽

Katrin Seper ◽

Alexandra Wolf ◽

Alexandra Sidor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Supply ◽

Nutritional Composition ◽

Soft Drinks ◽

European Countries ◽

Breakfast Cereals

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Sugars, Salt, Saturated Fat and Fibre Purchased through Packaged Food and Soft Drinks in Europe 2015–2018: Are We Making Progress?

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13072416 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 2416

Author(s):

Maria Alice Moz-Christofoletti ◽

Jan Wollgast

Keyword(s):

Market Share ◽

Saturated Fat ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Nutritional Composition ◽

Soft Drinks ◽

European Countries ◽

Noncommunicable Diseases ◽

Packaged Food ◽

Health Objectives

The availability, purchase and consumption of foods high in fat, sugars and salt and low in fibre are linked to the high health and economic burden of noncommunicable diseases, including cancer, in Europe. Therefore, assessing the quality of the food offer is key as feedback to decision makers, as well as to identify good practices and areas of the food supply still requiring urgent action. We combined detailed market share and sales data with nutrition composition data to evaluate the nutritional quality of 14 packaged food and soft drinks categories sold across 22 European countries over the 2015–2018 period. Our analysis shows great variability of the nutritional composition within and among packaged food and soft drinks categories across European countries. Our estimates of the market-share weighted mean, a measure that integrates possible changes in nutrient content with the amount of a product sold to consumers, as well as daily per capita nutrient sale estimates, suggest a small but statistically significant progress in certain food categories only. Overall, the amounts of sugars, saturated fat, salt and fibre being sold to European citizens through these products is not improving to an extent to meet public health objectives.

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