UNICEF in Central America

1960 ◽  
Vol 329 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
Alice C. Shaffer
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Central America ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Central American ◽  
The World ◽  
Working Together ◽  
Integrated Programs ◽  
Regional Basis ◽  
The United Nations

Central America has been one of the pioneer areas for the United Nations Children's Fund assisted pro grams. When the United Nations Children's Fund, under a broadened mandate from the United Nations, shifted the emphasis of its aid from emergency to long term and from war-torn countries to those economically less developed, Cen tral American governments immediately requested its assist ance to strengthen and extend services to children and mothers. As one of the first areas in the world to aim at the eradication of malaria and to have engaged in an inten sive campaign against malnutrition on a regional basis, the Central American experiences in these fields have become known, watched, and studied by people from many countries. Against this background, international and bilateral organi zations are working together with governments as they broaden the scope and the extent of their programs. Ten years of co-operative action have highlighted the need for train ing of personnel, both professional and auxiliary. This period has also made clear the value of more integrated programs with wider collaboration both within the ministries of government and between the international organizations.

scholarly journals Governance of the “Big Five”

2021 ◽  
pp. 337-393
Author(s):  
Uma Lele ◽  
Brian C. Baldwin ◽  
Sambuddha Goswami
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
United Nations ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Global Governance ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
The United Nations

In this chapter, key issues facing governance of international organizations are discussed, as operating arms of global governance in the larger context of global governance of food and agriculture—specifically, in the context of the United Nations’ financing. Governance of each of the five international organizations is outlined: how the organizations were originally structured and financed; how financing relates to the organizational structure and governance; and how the formal and informal voices of members are exercised are discussed, with respect to the choice of leadership and the substantive content of what the organizations do and how. Issues of coordination among the Rome-based agencies, the World Bank, and CGIAR are discussed, given that the world is undergoverned in relation to the challenges of meeting the Sustainable Development Goals, confronting climate change, conflict, natural resource degradation, income inequality, persistent poverty, and growing hunger. With greater long-term, core-funding support, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) would be able to translate its guidelines into operations to combat climate change and promote conservation agriculture and its Codex Alimentarius into food safety. With collaboration with the World Food Programme, the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), and the World Bank, FAO can help move fragile countries into rehabilitation, reconstruction, and development. CGIAR can use long-term funding, while the World Bank and IFAD can support the building of delivery systems.

The Development of the United Nations Law Concerning Peace-Keeping Operations

1992 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-281
Author(s):  
Robert Siekmann
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Central America ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The World ◽  
New Thinking ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Cold War

Especially as a consequence of the termination of the Cold War, the détente in the relations between East en West (Gorbachev's ‘new thinking’ in foreign policy matters) and, finally, the disappearance of the Soviet Union, the number of UN peace-keeping operations substantially increased in recent years. One could even speak of a ‘proliferation’. Until 1988 the number of operations was twelve (seven peace-keeping forces: UNEF ‘I’ and ‘II’, ONUC, UNHCYP, UNSF (West New Guinea), UNDOF AND UNIFIL; and five military observer missions: UNTSO, UNMOGIP, UNOGIL, UNYOM and UNIPOM). Now, three forces and seven observer missions can be added. The forces are MINURSO (West Sahara), UNTAC (Cambodia) and UNPROFOR (Yugoslavia); the observer groups: UNGOMAP (Afghanistan/Pakistan), UNIIMOG (Iran/Iraq), UNAVEM ‘I’ and ‘II’ (Angola), ONUCA (Central America), UNIKOM (Iraq/Kuwait) and ONUSAL (El Salvador). UNTAG (Namibia), which was established in 1978, could not become operational until 1989 as a result of the new political circumstances in the world. So, a total of twenty-three operations have been undertaken, of which almost fifty percent was established in the last five years, whereas the other half was the result of decisions taken by the United Nations in the preceding forty years (UNTSO dates back to 1949). In the meantime, some ‘classic’ operations are being continued (UNTSO, UNMOGIP, UNFICYP, UNDOF, and UNIFIL), whereas some ‘modern’ operations already have been terminated as planned (UNTAG, UNGOMAP, UNIIMOG, UNAVEM ‘I’ and ‘II’, and ONUCA). At the moment (July 1992) eleven operations are in action – the greatest number in the UN history ever.

What Really Happened When Arafat Spoke at the UN.

Worldview ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 49-55
Author(s):  
Abraham Yeselson ◽  
Anthony Gaglione
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
The World ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Palestinian Issue

Since there were seventy-one sponsors, it was inevitable that the resolution would be adopted, But debate on the question was inevitably bitter and spilled over to the substance of the Palestinian issue. For many people the debate—and Arafat's subsequent address to the General Assembly—sharpened questions about the United Nations, its purpose, and its long-term value.From its birth the United Nations has been an important weapon in the armory of nations in conflict. When one's national ends are advanced, the U.N. is seen as the expression of man's highest ideals. Victims, however, perceive attacks in the world forum as irresponsible distortions of the Charter. From either perspective the United Nations is an arena for combat.

The United Nations Creates a Working Group on Arbitrary Detention

1991 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 709-715
Author(s):  
Reed Brody
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Working Group ◽  
Gulf War ◽  
Recent History ◽  
World Conference ◽  
The World ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Set Up

The United Nations Commission on Human Rights, which met from January 28 to March 8, 1991, in the shadow of the gulf war, nevertheless completed what many observers considered its most productive session in recent history. The Commission took action on a record of nineteen country situations—creating new rapporteurs on Iraq and Iraqi-occupied Kuwait—began plans for a 1993 World Conference on Human Rights, and set up an intersessional working group to complete a draft declaration on disappearances. The most important long-term accomplishment of the Commission, however, was the creation of a five-member working group to investigate cases of arbitrary detention throughout the world.

scholarly journals Exploring anti-corruption, transparency, and accountability in the World Health Organization, the United Nations Development Programme, the World Bank Group, and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jillian Clare Kohler ◽  
Andrea Bowra
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Development Program ◽  
World Health ◽  
World Bank Group ◽  
United Nations Development Program ◽  
The World ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Nations Development

Abstract Corruption is recognized by the global community as a threat to development generally and to achieving health goals, such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal # 3: ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all. As such, international organizations such as the World Health Organizations and the United Nations Development Program are creating an evidence base on how best to address corruption in health systems. At present, the risk of corruption is even more apparent, given the need for quick and nimble responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, which may include a relaxation of standards and the rapid mobilization of large funds. As international organizations and governments attempt to respond to the ever-changing demands of this pandemic, there is a need to acknowledge and address the increased opportunity for corruption. In order to explore how such risks of corruption are addressed in international organizations, this paper focuses on the question: How are international organizations implementing measures to promote accountability and transparency, and anti-corruption, in their own operations? The following international organizations were selected as the focus of this paper given their current involvement in anti-corruption, transparency, and accountability in the health sector: the World Health Organization, the United Nations Development Program, the World Bank Group, and the Global Fund to Fight Aids, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Our findings demonstrate that there has been a clear increase in the volume and scope of anti-corruption, accountability, and transparency measures implemented by these international organizations in recent years. However, the efficacy of these measures remains unclear. Further research is needed to determine how these measures are achieving their transparency, accountability, and anti-corruption goals.

International Organization Documentation

1983 ◽  
Vol 11 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 270-272
Author(s):  
Robert W. Schaaf
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
World Bank ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
World Health ◽  
Development Bank ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Executive Secretary ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Administrative Tribunal

Among the more interesting international publications that have come to the writer's attention recently is a five-volume set of Staff Regulations and Staff Rules of Selected International Organizations compiled by the World Bank Administrative Tribunal in Washington, D.C. As explained in the preface by the editor and Executive Secretary of the Tribunal, C.F. Amerasinghe, a need was felt to have ready access to a collection of staff regulations and rules in order to be able to compare administrative problems and situations in different international organizations. Thus, an effort was made to secure pertinent documents from both universal and regional intergovernmental agencies. The collection was made particularly for the judges of the World Bank Administrative Tribunal, but with the hope that the material would also be useful to others interested in international administrative law. The first four volumes were issued in January 1983; additional material subsequently became available and a fifth volume was issued in May 1983. The first volume (353 p.) includes reproductions of the regulations and rules of the United Nations, the World Health Organization, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, and the Inter-American Development Bank. Volume II (397 p.) covers Unesco, the International Atomic Energy Agency, the Council of Europe, and the African Development Bank. Volume III (276 p.) covers the Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization (which became the International Maritime Organization in 1982), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the International Civil Aviation Organization, and the Organization of American States. Volume IV (313 p.) covers the European Communities and the International Labor Organization. Volume V (369 p.) is devoted exclusively to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. In every instance the rules are as up to date as could be obtained, and the introductory remarks in each volume provide brief details on the currency of the materials as well as information on major variations in the regulations of the organizations included. Because IGO staff regulations are difficult to obtain, this collection is a valuable work. The volumes are available free of charge as long as the supply lasts and may be ordered from the Office of the Executive Secretary, World Bank Administrative Tribunal, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433.

International Organizations and Development as a Global Mission

2019 ◽  
pp. 89-106
Author(s):  
Sara Lorenzini
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
World Bank ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Modernization Theory ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Global Mission ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The 1950S

This chapter explores how the growing awareness of the global dimensions of development had made international organizations, especially the United Nations, crucial to development thinking and practice. International organizations' involvement in development proceeded in stages, converging toward “one size fits all,” universal technocratic knowledge, and solutions unconnected to cultural specificities, even if distinctive in their ideological orientation. In the 1990s, the naturalized French diplomat Stéphane Hessel wrote that development was a concept that informed the whole structure of the United Nations and gave it meaning. He claimed it took forty years to move from the black-and-white reasoning of the 1950s toward a more nuanced view. The chapter tells the story of this transformation. International organizations that had acted as agencies of civilization in late colonial times became arenas in which different ideas of modernity were articulated. Some, like the World Bank, were clearly the expression of a Western capitalist mindset, whereas others, like the United Nations, provided a home for both technocratic thinking and anti-imperialist ideas that differed from the prevailing modernization theory.

Reflections on Anti-Americanism in Our Times

Worldview ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 46-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Hollander
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Nations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
The World ◽  
The United Nations

AbstractAmericans and others find that they cannot “love it or leave it“In the course of the last quarter century or so the United States has become a nearly universal scapegoat symbol. The United States has been denounced and blamed in countless speeches and editorials, on posters, in.radio broadcasts, and over television, as well as in private conversations, for the ills of the world, for the problems of particular societies, and even for the myriad unhappiness of individuals. No country has had more hostile demonstrations in front of its embassies around the world, or more of its libraries and cultural missions abroad ransacked, or more of its policies routinely denounced in the United Nations and other international organizations. More American flags have been burned, in and outside the United States, than the flags of any other country.

World Meteorological Organization

1955 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 288-290
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Executive Committee ◽  
United Nations Educational ◽  
Cultural Organization ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
The United Nations

Executive CommitteeThe fifth session of the Executive Committee of the World Meteorological Organi-zation (WMO) was held in Geneva from August 25 to September II, 1954, and was devoted, in large part, to preparations for the second WMO Congress, scheduled to open on April 14, 1955. The Committee reviewed the plans for the WMO program for the second financial period (1956–1960) in the light of the experience of the organization and with special attention to requests of meteorological services, other specialized agencies and the United Nations. The financial and staffing implications of the pro-posed program were also reviewed. The Committee examined the status of the ternal relations of WMO, which had recently established relations with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and which had granted consultative status to nine non-governmental organizations. Proposed amendments to the organization's General Regulations were approved for submission to the Congress, along with amendments to the Internal Staff Regulations designed to bring them into greater conformity with those of other international organizations.

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