Three-Dimensional Analysis of Morphological Aspects of the Human Utricular Macula

2003 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 419-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideaki Naganuma ◽  
Koji Tokumasu ◽  
Shinichiro Hashimoto ◽  
Makito Okamoto ◽  
Shohei Yamashina
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Semicircular Canals ◽  
Linear Acceleration ◽  
Entire Area ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Utricular Macula ◽  
Morphological Aspects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dimensional Shape ◽  
Temporal Bones

The 3-dimensional shape of the human utricular macula and its orientation in the skull are quantitated in this report, which is one of a series. The semicircular canals and utricular macula were reconstructed in 3 dimensions on a computer from 3 human temporal bones. The 238 to 279 triangles in the entire area of the utricular macula were made by drawing lines between 2 adjacent points every 200-μm width of the utricular macula in each section. We calculated the angles between each triangle and each estimated standard axis in the skull. This study provides standard data regarding the 3-dimensional morphological aspects of the utricular macula for further investigation of the function of the utriculus. We determined that the 3-dimensional shape of the utricular macula was not a plane, but was a curved surface like that of an ellipsoid. We believe this shape is necessary for the utricular macula to detect wide-range linear acceleration.

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of the Human Semicircular Canals and Measurement of Each Membranous Canal Plane Defined by Reid's Stereotactic Coordinates

2005 ◽  
Vol 114 (12) ◽  
pp. 934-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinichiro Hashimoto ◽  
Hideaki Naganuma ◽  
Koji Tokumasu ◽  
Akihiko Itoh ◽  
Makito Okamoto
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Semicircular Canals ◽  
Membranous Labyrinth ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Bony Labyrinth ◽  
Japanese Adults ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Lateral Posterior ◽  
Temporal Bones ◽  
Anterior Posterior

Objectives: Equations for estimating the planar relationships of the human semicircular canals were devised by Blanks et al from a dissected bony labyrinth in a human skull. However, a similar study on the membranous semicircular canal planes has never been published. Methods: In this study, the angle between each membranous canal plane and Reid's stereotactic horizontal plane was measured on serial histologic sections of 7 temporal bones from Japanese adults. We reconstructed the 3 semicircular canals by computer-aided 3-dimensional analysis. The angles between each pair of both bony and membranous canal planes were measured. Results: In the bony labyrinth, the angles between the 2 canal planes of the lateral-anterior, anterior-posterior, and lateral-posterior pairs were 90.51° ± 2.98° (mean ± SD), 91.70° ± 1.85°, and 94.52° ± 3.32°, respectively. The angles between the 2 membranous canal planes of the lateral-anterior, anterior-posterior, and lateral-posterior pairs were 90.05° ± 4.74°, 91.03° ± 2.93°, and 91.92° ± 5.22°, respectively. Conclusions: The data from our study of the membranous labyrinth showed that the angles between each canal plane and the others were much closer to 90° than was found by Blanks et al for the bony labyrinth.

scholarly journals 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOLOGICAL MAPPING AND MODELING ACTIVITIES AT THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORWAY

2015 ◽  
Vol XL-2/W4 ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Jarna ◽  
A. Bang-Kittilsen ◽  
C. Haase ◽  
I. H. C. Henderson ◽  
F. Høgaas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Visualization ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Geological Mapping ◽  
Geological Survey ◽  
Marine Geology ◽  
Data Infrastructure ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
3D Data ◽  
Wide Range

Geology and all geological structures are three-dimensional in space. Geology can be easily shown as four-dimensional when time is considered. Therefore GIS, databases, and 3D visualization software are common tools used by geoscientists to view, analyse, create models, interpret and communicate geological data. The NGU (Geological Survey of Norway) is the national institution for the study of bedrock, mineral resources, surficial deposits and groundwater and marine geology. The interest in 3D mapping and modelling has been reflected by the increase of number of groups and researches dealing with 3D in geology within NGU. This paper highlights 3D geological modelling techniques and the usage of these tools in bedrock, geophysics, urban and groundwater studies at NGU, same as visualisation of 3D online. The examples show use of a wide range of data, methods, software and an increased focus on interpretation and communication of geology in 3D. The goal is to gradually expand the geospatial data infrastructure to include 3D data at the same level as 2D.

Measurement of Three-Dimensional Environment with a Fish-Eye Camera Based on Structure from Motion - Error Analysis

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 680-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Terabayashi ◽  
◽  
Hisanori Mitsumoto ◽  
Toru Morita ◽  
Yohei Aragaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structure From Motion ◽  
Measurement Accuracy ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Simultaneous Estimation ◽  
3D Measurement ◽  
Motion Error ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Large Distortion ◽  
Fish Eye

This paper proposes a method for measuring 3-dimensional (3D) environment and estimating camera movement with two fish-eye images. This method deals with large distortion of images from a fish-eye camera to calibrate internal and external camera parameters precisely by simultaneous estimation. In this paper, we analyze 3D measurement accuracy based on a theoretical model and evaluate it in practical analysis in experimental and real environments. These analyses show that the theoretical measurement error model works over a wide range of fish-eye views.

Otolith-controlled response from the first-order neurons of the labyrinth of the bullfrog ( Rana catesbeiana ) to changes in linear acceleration

1975 ◽  
Vol 191 (1105) ◽  
pp. 475-505 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rana Catesbeiana ◽  
Semicircular Canals ◽  
Linear Acceleration ◽  
Phase Behaviour ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recorded Data ◽  
Mechanical Factors ◽  
Bode Plots ◽  
Model Equations

The experiments reported here represent a study of otolith-controlled vestibular units showing an extreme degree of adaptation in stationary spatial positions. These units cannot, therefore, be characterized as static position sensors. They respond to tilting movements as such, showing an output related to the direction and velocity of the movements. Phase shifts in responses to oppositely directed interrupted and continuous sinu­soidal full-circle tilts about horizontally placed head axes indicate that, beside neuronal adaptation, mechanical factors may contribute to the observed response asymmetries. The possible structural basis for such asymmetries is discussed. A frequency analysis of the recorded data yields Bode plots of fre­quency-dependent phase and gain, and these relations are discussed against the background of various mathematical models suggested by a number of authors. The conclusion is reached that, in contrast to the case of the semicircular canals, it is difficult to fit the phase behaviour of otolith-controlled vestibular sense endings to model equations containing only one or two frequency constants. Evidently, the otolith organ is a mechanically complex system, and its receptor units are characterized by considerable nonlinearities in the transduction process apart from a wide range of adaptation in their responses to constant levels of acceleration. The results are discussed in comparison with recent vestibular re­search, especially on the mammalian labyrinth.

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Measurement of the Human Vestibular Apparatus

1992 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroaki Sato ◽  
Isamu Sando ◽  
Haruo Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Semicircular Canals ◽  
Vestibular Apparatus ◽  
Dimensional Measurement ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Three Dimensional Measurement ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Temporal Bones

Using a computer-aided three-dimensional reconstruction and measurement method, 12 measurements were made to determine the dimensions of the maculae, cristae ampullares, and semicircular canals in 18 temporal bones from nine pairs of age-matched male and female individuals (1 day to 76 years old). The surface areas of the utricular and saccular maculae were significantly larger in male than in female specimens (two-way analysis of variance, F = 9.00, df = 1, p<0.01; F = 4.57, df = 1, p < 0.05, respectively). The width of the utricular macula and the length of the saccular macula were also significantly greater in male than in female specimens (two-way analysis of variance, F = 5.17, df = 1, p < 0.05; F = 4.33, df = 1, p < 0.05, respectively). Finally, the three semicircular canals were larger in diameter in male vs. female specimens; this difference was statistically significant for the superior semicircular canal (two-way analysis of variance, F = 10.74, df = 1, p < 0.01). By contrast, none of these dimensions of those vestibular structures showed any significant change in size with advancing postnatal age. We propose from these findings that there appears to be sexual dimorphism in the vestibular apparatus.

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction Using Stereo Pairs from Serial Thick Sections

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 562-563
Author(s):  
Robert Glaeser ◽  
Thomas Bauer ◽  
David Grano
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Stereo Imagery ◽  
Whole Mounts

In transmission electron microscopy, the 3-dimensional structure of an object is usually obtained in one of two ways. For objects which can be included in one specimen, as for example with elements included in freeze- dried whole mounts and examined with a high voltage microscope, stereo pairs can be obtained which exhibit the 3-D structure of the element. For objects which can not be included in one specimen, the 3-D shape is obtained by reconstruction from serial sections. However, without stereo imagery, only detail which remains constant within the thickness of the section can be used in the reconstruction; consequently, the choice is between a low resolution reconstruction using a few thick sections and a better resolution reconstruction using many thin sections, generally a tedious chore. This paper describes an approach to 3-D reconstruction which uses stereo images of serial thick sections to reconstruct an object including detail which changes within the depth of an individual thick section.

Design and calibration of an IVEM for general 3-dimensional imaging of non-diffracting materials

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1040-1041
Author(s):  
Neil Rowlands ◽  
Jeff Price ◽  
Michael Kersker ◽  
Seichi Suzuki ◽  
Steve Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Imaging ◽  
Tomographic Reconstruction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
3D Microstructure ◽  
Image Translation ◽  
Digital Correlation ◽  
On Line ◽  
Mechanical Stage ◽  
Projection Angle

Three-dimensional (3D) microstructure visualization on the electron microscope requires that the sample be tilted to different positions to collect a series of projections. This tilting should be performed rapidly for on-line stereo viewing and precisely for off-line tomographic reconstruction. Usually a projection series is collected using mechanical stage tilt alone. The stereo pairs must be viewed off-line and the 60 to 120 tomographic projections must be aligned with fiduciary markers or digital correlation methods. The delay in viewing stereo pairs and the alignment problems in tomographic reconstruction could be eliminated or improved by tilting the beam if such tilt could be accomplished without image translation.A microscope capable of beam tilt with simultaneous image shift to eliminate tilt-induced translation has been investigated for 3D imaging of thick (1 μm) biologic specimens. By tilting the beam above and through the specimen and bringing it back below the specimen, a brightfield image with a projection angle corresponding to the beam tilt angle can be recorded (Fig. 1a).

Four Dimensions of Diamond T: Combination Trade Marks of Colours And Shapes

2006 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 583
Author(s):  
Michael McGowan
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Trade Mark ◽  
Fourth Dimension ◽  
Trade Marks ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Trade Mark Law ◽  
Dimensional Shape ◽  
Three Dimensional Shape

This article examines the relatively new fields of colour and shape trade marks. It was initially feared by some academics that the new marks would encroach on the realms of patent and copyright.  However, the traditional requirements of trade mark law, such as functionality and descriptiveness, have meant that trade marks in colour and shape are extremely hard to acquire if they do not have factual distinctiveness. As colour and shape trade marks have no special restrictions, it is proposed that the combination trade mark theory and analysis from the Diamond T case should be used as a way to make them more accessible. The combination analysis can be easily applied because every product has a three dimensional shape and a fourth dimension of colour.

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