Objectives: We examined the proteoglycan (PG) and associated sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content of the midmembranous vocal fold lamina propria (LP) of humans, dogs, pigs, and ferrets. Methods: The LP PG levels were assessed indirectly by quantifying the associated sulfated GAGs, and immunohistochemical analyses of specific PGs and/or GAGs (PGs/GAGs) were conducted. Results: Sulfated GAGs constituted approximately (average ± SEM) 14.7 ±2.1 μg per milligram of tissue total protein in the human LP — similar to levels in canine, porcine, and ferret LPs (p > .05). Immunohistochemical analysis identified versican, chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfate, and heparan sulfate in the LP extracellular matrix — PGs/GAGs previously believed to be localized only intracellularly and in the basement membrane. Observations of PG/GAG staining patterns resulted in identification of microstructurally based subdivisions of canine, porcine, and ferret LPs. Conclusions: The sulfated GAG concentration in human LP was similar to that of dermis. In contrast to the interspecies similarity in LP sulfated GAG levels, immunohistochemical analysis indicated notable interspecies differences in specific PG/GAG distributions. Moreover, spatial variations in the presence of several PGs/GAGs were observed — variations that may be integral in maintaining normal LP physiology. Finally, the noted canine, porcine, and ferret LP subdivisions may yield insight into the adaptation of LP microstructure to the phonatory needs of each species.
Cogels of Hyaluronic Acid and Acellular Matrix for Cultivation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells: Potential Application for Vocal Fold Tissue Engineering