Simple Filter Paper Method for Home Monitoring of Blood Glucose, Lactate, and 3-Hydroxybutyrate

Previous methods for assessing the control of diabetes at home have concentrated on the measurement of glucose concentrations in urine and, more recently, blood. These levels reflect only one aspect of deranged metabolism in the disease. A technique is described whereby glucose, lactate, and 3-hydroxybutyrate can be measured in capillary blood samples dried on boric acid impregnated filter paper. The technique is sufficiently sensitive to measure 0·05 mmol/l glucose, 0·02 mmol/l lactate, and 0·004 mmol/l 3-hydroxybutyrate with precisions of 4·0%, 4·5%, and 8·0%, respectively. This method could prove useful in the broader metabolic assessment of the diabetic state.

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Effects of Different Methods Used to Take Blood Samples on Blood Glucose Measurements

Clinical Nursing Research ◽

10.1177/10547738211024782 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 105477382110247

Author(s):

Eda Ergin ◽

Ayten Zaybak

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Glucose Tolerance Test ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Tolerance Test ◽

Capillary Blood ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Measurement Results ◽

Quasi Experimental

The purpose of this study is to compare whether or not there is a difference between venous and capillary blood samples in blood glucose measurements and investigate the effects of different aseptic methods used in skin cleaning before collecting blood samples on measurement results. This quasi-experimental study was conducted with 109 patients. The capillary first and second blood drop values taken from the patients after fasting and at 2 hours following 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and capillary and venous blood glucose values were compared. There was no significant difference between the median venous blood glucose value and the capillary second blood drop value taken after wiping the finger with alcohol. There was no significant difference between the first and second blood drop values of capillary blood glucose 2 hours after OGTT.

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Blood Glucose Assay Using Dextrostix and a Reflectance Meter

Annals of Clinical Biochemistry International Journal of Laboratory Medicine ◽

10.1177/000456327200900144 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 9 (1-6) ◽

pp. 91-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

I. W. Percy-Robb ◽

R. S. McMaster ◽

A. D. B. Harrower ◽

L. J. P. Duncan

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Reference Method ◽

Capillary Blood ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Laboratory Staff ◽

Glucose Assay ◽

Reflectance Meter ◽

High Degree ◽

Blood Glucose Concentrations

The ‘Dextrostix’-reflectance meter system for blood glucose analysis has been evaluated using a blood glucose reference method. A high degree of concordance between the two methods was obtained when analyses were performed by skilled laboratory staff on venous blood samples containing fluoride, with a 75 s contact time. Skilled laboratory staff performed significantly better than unskilled staff. Capillary blood glucose concentrations correlated poorly with concentrations in venous blood samples taken at the same time as the capillary blood.

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Home monitoring of 17 hydroxyprogesterone levels in congenital adrenal hyperplasia with filter paper blood samples

The Journal of Pediatrics ◽

10.1016/s0022-3476(99)70413-0 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 134 (2) ◽

pp. 185-189 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Hans H. Bode ◽

Scott A. Rivkees ◽

David M. Cowley ◽

Karen Pardy ◽

Sandra Johnson

Keyword(s):

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia ◽

Filter Paper ◽

Home Monitoring ◽

Adrenal Hyperplasia ◽

Blood Samples ◽

17 Hydroxyprogesterone

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A Comparison of Three Methods for the Estimation of Capillary Blood Glucose in Filter Paper Spots

Annals of Clinical Biochemistry International Journal of Laboratory Medicine ◽

10.1177/000456328201900105 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 22-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

R P Taylor ◽

C A Pennock

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Filter Paper ◽

Trichloroacetic Acid ◽

Dried Blood Spots ◽

Capillary Blood ◽

Glucose Measurement ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Capillary Blood Glucose ◽

Blood Spots ◽

Heavy Workload

A comparison has been made between three methods for measuring capillary blood glucose collected on filter paper, including a new method using a Beckman glucose analyser 2. The methods are suitable for use with capillary blood spots collected onto filter paper for monitoring the control of diabetic patients. Their accuracy, precision, and recovery of glucose were similar. Glucose measurement with the Beckman glucose analyser 2 involves elution of the dried blood spots with 2% trichloroacetic acid and injection of a fraction of the eluate into the analyser. The method provides a simple and rapid alternative procedure for laboratories that do not have a heavy workload for this type of assay.

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Home Monitoring of 17 Hydroxyprogesterone Levels in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia with Filter Paper Blood Samples

The Endocrinologist ◽

10.1097/00019616-199907000-00013 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 323

Author(s):

Bode HH ◽

Rivkees SA ◽

Cowley DM ◽

Pardy K ◽

Johnson S

Keyword(s):

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia ◽

Filter Paper ◽

Home Monitoring ◽

Adrenal Hyperplasia ◽

Blood Samples ◽

17 Hydroxyprogesterone

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Evidence From a Long-Term, Systematic Post-Market Surveillance Program: Clinical Performance of a Hematocrit-Insensitive Blood Glucose Test Strip

Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology ◽

10.1177/1932296819826968 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 67-75

Author(s):

Steven Setford ◽

Stuart Phillips ◽

Mike Grady

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Reference Method ◽

Test Strip ◽

Capillary Blood ◽

Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽

Surveillance Program ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Post Market ◽

Clinical Accuracy

Background: Described is a manufacturer’s systematic post-market evaluation of the long-term clinical accuracy of a commercially available blood glucose monitoring (BGM) test strip product. Methods: Production batches of test strips were routinely and regularly sampled and evaluated in a clinical setting to assess product accuracy. Evaluations were performed on capillary blood samples from a minimum of 100 subjects with diabetes, by clinical staff according to instructions for use. Readings were compared against capillary blood samples collected at the same time and measured by a standard laboratory reference method. Clinical accuracy was calculated according to EN ISO 15197:2015. Results: A total of 21 115 paired results were obtained, equating to 209 production batches over the >3-year period since test strip launch. Of the results, 97.6% met the accuracy criterion (range: 97.1-98.1% by year), with 98.1% of values presenting zero risk as defined by the surveillance error grid. At the <5th (21.0-33.8%) and >95th (48.3-59.4%) percentile extremes of hematocrit distribution, 97.9% and 96.4% of values were clinically accurate. The product also demonstrated clinical accuracy across all seven glucose ranges (“bins”) as defined by the standard. Under conditions of combined hematocrit and glucose (<80 mg/dL and ≥300 mg/dL) extremes, 97.7% of values were clinically accurate. Conclusions: Methodologies and results from a manufacturer’s self-imposed clinical accuracy surveillance program of a BGM product is presented. Given the publication of sometimes-conflicting data presented within ad hoc BGM clinical accuracy evaluations, usually of limited size, it is advocated that BGM manufacturers adopt similarly robust and systematic surveillance programs to safeguard patients.

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Comparison of Glucose Values of Blood Samples Taken in Three Different Ways

Clinical Nursing Research ◽

10.1177/1054773817719379 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 436-455 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tulay Sagkal Midilli ◽

Eda Ergın ◽

Ebru Baysal ◽

Zeki Arı

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Middle Finger ◽

Blood Glucose Measurement ◽

Capillary Blood ◽

Glucose Measurement ◽

Capillary Blood Glucose ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Left Hand ◽

The Right

The purpose of the study was to determine differences and correlations between the blood glucose values of venous blood and the first and second drops of capillary blood samples taken in three different ways. Blood samples were (a) venous blood, (b) the first and second drops of capillary blood from the middle finger of the right hand (only washed with soap and water), and (c) the first and second drops of capillary blood from the middle finger of the left hand (washed with soap and water and cleaned with alcohol). It was concluded that the fasting capillary blood glucose values could be used in place of venous blood glucose values, that only washing the hands with neutral soap and water for 30 s could be sufficient for capillary blood glucose measurement, and that the first or second blood drop from a clean hand could be used for capillary blood glucose measurement.

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A Comparison of Venous versus Capillary Blood Samples when Measuring Blood Glucose Using a Point-of-Care, Capillary-Based Glucometer

Prehospital and Disaster Medicine ◽

10.1017/s1049023x19004850 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 34 (05) ◽

pp. 506-509

Author(s):

Jessica Topping ◽

Matthew Reardon ◽

Jake Coleman ◽

Brian Hunter ◽

Haruka Shojima-Perera ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Point Of Care ◽

Research Question ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Hospital Setting ◽

Capillary Blood ◽

Needle Stick Injury ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Venous Sample

AbstractBackground:Blood glucose level (BGL) is routinely assessed by paramedics in the out-of-hospital setting. Most commonly, BGL is measured using a blood sample of capillary origin analyzed by a hand-held, point-of-care glucometer. In some clinical circumstances, the capillary sample may be replaced by blood of venous origin. Given most point-of-care glucometers are engineered to analyze capillary blood samples, the use of venous blood instead of capillary may lead to inaccurate or misleading measurements.Hypothesis/Problem:The aim of this prospective study was to compare mean difference in BGL between venous and capillary blood from healthy volunteers when measured using a capillary-based, hand-held, point-of-care glucometer.Methods:Using a prospective observational comparison design, 36 healthy participants provided paired samples of blood, one venous and the other capillary, taken near simultaneously. The BGL values were similar between the two groups. The capillary group had a range of 4.3mmol/l, with the lowest value being 4.4mmol/l and 8.7mmol/l the highest. The venous group had a range of 2.7mmol/l, with the lowest value being 4.1mmol/l and 7.0mmol/l the highest.For the primary research question, the mean BGL for the venous sample group was 5.3mmol/l (SD = 0.6), compared to 5.6mmol/l (SD = 0.8) for the capillary group. This represented a statistically significant difference of 0.3mmol/l (P = .04), but it did not reach the a priori established point of clinical significance (1.0mmol/l). Pearson’s correlation coefficient for capillary versus venous indicated moderate correlation (r = 0.42).Conclusion:In healthy, non-fasted people in a non-clinical setting, a statistically significant, but not clinically significant, difference was found between venous- and capillary-derived BGL when measured using a point-of-care, capillary-based glucometer. Correlation between the two was moderate. In this context, using venous samples in a capillary-based glucometer is reasonable providing the venous sample can be gathered without exposure of the clinician to risk of needle-stick injury. In clinical settings where physiological derangement or acute illness is present, capillary sampling would remain the optimal approach.

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Measurement of Capillary Blood Glucose Concentrations by Pet Owners: A New Tool in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus

Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association ◽

10.5326/0380239 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 239-245 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Martina Casella ◽

Gerhard Wess ◽

Claudia E. Reusch

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Glucose Concentration ◽

Blood Glucose Concentration ◽

Home Monitoring ◽

Test Strip ◽

Capillary Blood ◽

Technical Problems ◽

Pet Owners ◽

Diabetic Dogs ◽

Blood Glucose Concentrations

Recently a new method for capillary blood sampling from the ears of dogs and cats was described, which allows the measurement of glucose concentration by means of portable glucose meters. The authors of this report evaluated the suitability of this method for use by pet owners and the potential technical problems. The owners of seven healthy dogs and seven healthy cats were asked to perform two glucose curves (measuring blood glucose concentration every 2 hours for a total of 12 hours). All dog owners and three cat owners were able to perform a reliable blood glucose curve. The most frequently encountered problems were inadequate formation of a blood drop due to excessive digital pressure on the pinna, repeatedly depressing the plunger of the lancet device instead of allowing the negative pressure to slowly build up, and failure to fill the test strip up to the mark. The authors conclude that these steps of the procedure need to be stressed during technique demonstration and that home monitoring of blood glucose concentrations may serve as a new tool in the management of diabetic dogs and cats.

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