Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects of a methanolic extract of Debregeasia salicifolia in Alloxan-induced diabetic albino mice

Diabetes mellitus (DM), an endocrine syndrome characterized by high blood glucose levels due to abrogated insulin activity. The existing treatments for DM have side effects and varying degrees of efficacy. Therefore, it is paramount that novel approaches be developed to enhance the management of DM. Therapeutic plants have been accredited as having comparatively high efficacy with fewer adverse effects. The current study aims to elucidate the phytochemical profile, anti-hyperlipidemic, and anti-diabetic effects of methanolic extract D. salicifolia (leaves) in Alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Alloxan was injected intraperitoneally (150 mg kg-1, b.w), to induced diabetes in mice. The mice were divided into three groups (n=10). Group 1 (normal control) received normal food and purified water, Group II (diabetic control) received regular feed and clean water and group III (diabetic treated) received a methanolic extract of the plant (300 mg kg-1) for 28 days with a typical diet and clean water throughout the experiment. Blood samples were collected to checked serum glucose and concentration of LDL, TC, TG. The extract demonstrated significant antihyperglycemic activity (P<0.05), whereas improvements in mice's body weight and lipid profiles were observed after treatment with the extract. This study establishes that the extract has high efficacy with comparatively less toxicity that can be used for DM management.

Study of serum magnesium levels and its correlation with glycemic status in type II diabetes patients

Magnesium is most important and vital element of body. It needs to be supplemented adequately. It plays a vital role in insulin secretion, insulin binding and homeostasis. When Serum Magnesium is adequate, the glycemic control is better and HbA1c values will fall, thus proving that serum magnesium plays a major role in glycemic control. It is now established that diabetes can by itself induce hypomagnesemia and hypomagnesemia can in turn induce onset or worsen diabetes mellitus.: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 48 diagnosed cases of type II diabetes mellitus. This study was planned to study if any correlation exists between the level of Serum Magnesium and HbA1C in diagnosed Type II diabetics.: The correlation between the two parameters was not found to be statistically significant.: Owing to COVID-19 restrictions history regarding the duration of disease, the dietary history of the participants could not be obtained : Serum magnesium does not bear a constant relationship with the diabetic control according to the findings of the current study and detailed studies including multi-parametric analysis along with duration of diabetes is required.

Evaluation of potential antidiabetic activity of abelmoschus esculentus and evidence of possible pharmacokinetic interaction with metformin

The study is aimed at the evaluation of potential activity of and possible interaction with metformin in animal Models of Diabetes Mellitus. Study objectives include study the anti-diabetic effect of for Diabetes Mellitus in animal models and also to study the effect of Abelmoschus esculentus with metformin and explore any interaction. Plant material was collected () followed by extraction of plant materials () Exudate collection of and activity test study was done (acute toxicity study, according to standard OECD guidelines) Experimental animals were divided into groups. Dosing was done for 28 days. Biochemical parameters were studied. Histopathology studies are done. Results showed that in this study administrations of Abelmoschus esculentus extract (2000mg/kg body weight) Metformin with extract (5mg/kg b.w. and 2000mg/kg body weight and Metformin 5mg/kg body weight decreased elevated blood glucose levels significantly from first to fourth week compared to diabetic control rats and showed minimal safety concerns.

Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV inhibitor (DPP4i) confers increased odds of bullous pemphigoid even years after drug initiation

The timing pattern in which dipeptidyl-peptidase IV inhibitors (DPP4i) confer the risk of bullous pemphigoid (BP) is unknown. To investigate the odds of BP following exposure to DPP4i and to perform a duration-response analysis evaluating the risk of BP in relation to the duration of exposure to the culprit drug. A population-based nested case–control study was performed comparing diabetic patients with BP (n = 1458) with age-, sex- and ethnicity-matched diabetic control subjects (n = 6051) with respect to the prevalence of exposure to DPP4i. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were estimated by logistic regression. Overall exposure to DPP4i was associated with an 80% increase in the odds of subsequent BP (OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.46–2.08; P < 0.001). In an intraclass analysis, the odds of BP were increased in association with vildagliptin (OR, 3.40; 95% CI, 2.69–4.29; P < 0.001) and sitagliptin (OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.33–1.84; P < 0.001). In a duration-response analysis, the highest likelihood of BP was found 1–2 years after commencing the drug (OR, 2.66; 95% CI, 1.97–3.59; P < 0.001). The odds of BP were increased across all time periods and retained its statistical significance even ≥ 6 years after the drug initiation (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.09–1.91; P = 0.011). Relative to other diabetic patients with BP, patients with DPP4i-associated BP were more likely to be admitted to inpatient dermatologic wards (OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.30–2.13; P < 0.001) and had higher mean(SD) numbers of outpatient dermatologist visits (14.7[14.8] vs. 12.3[13.2], respectively; P = 0.006). DPP4i should be suspected as a predisposing factor for BP even numerous years after the drug initiation.

The impact of depression diagnosis on diabetes and lifetime hyperglycaemia

Aims The aim of this study was to evaluate longitudinal associations between the mean and variability of HbA1c levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods Individuals with T2D from the UK Biobank with linked primary care records were analysed. An HbA1c measurement within +/- 6-months of T2D diagnosis was taken as baseline, with subsequent HbA1c measurements used as the outcome in generalised least squares regression to evaluate longitudinal associations with a three-level MDD diagnosis variable (MDD controls, pre-T2D MDD cases and post-T2D MDD cases). Results Using 7,968 T2D individuals, we show that MDD has utility in explaining mean HbA1c levels (p=6.53E-08). This is attributable to MDD diagnosis interacting with baseline T2D medication (p=3.36E-04) and baseline HbA1c (p=2.66E-05), but not with time- when all else is equal, the temporal trend in expected HbA1c did not differ by MDD diagnosis. However, joint consideration with baseline T2D medication showed that each additional medication prescribed was associated with a +4 mmol/mol (2.5%) increase in expected HbA1c across follow up for post-T2D MDD cases, relative to pre-T2D MDD cases and MDD controls. Furthermore, variability in HbA1c increased across time for post-T2D MDD cases but decreased for MDD controls and pre-T2D MDD cases. Conclusions These findings suggest closer monitoring of individuals with both T2D and MDD is essential to improve their diabetic control, particularly for those who develop MDD after T2D diagnosis.

Anti-diabetic effects of aqueous extract of Dendropanax morbifera Lev. leaves in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats

This study examined the anti-diabetic effects of aqueous extracts of Dendropanax morbifera leaves (DMWEs) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Thirty male SD rats (body weight [BW], 250.4 ± 19.7 g) were divided into the following six groups: normal control rats (NC), diabetic control rats (DC), diabetic rats treated with metformin HCl 100 mg/kg BW (DT), diabetic rats treated with DMWEs 50 mg/kg BW (DM-50), diabetic rats treated with DMWEs 100 mg/kg BW (DM-100), and diabetic rats treated with DMWEs 200 mg/kg BW (DM-200). From two weeks of administration of DMWEs, the BW of all groups treated with DMWEs increased significantly compared to DC (p < 0.05). At four weeks after treatment, the blood glucose levels in DT, DM-100, and DM-200 decreased below 200 mg/dL, while the glycated hemoglobin concentrations in all groups administered DMWEs were similar to those of NC and DT. Regarding the blood biochemical parameters, the levels of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine in DM-100 and DM-200 were similar to those in NC and DT. Overall, these results highlight the effectiveness of DM-100 in the treatment of diabetes.

Eucalyptus globulus Methanol Leaf Extract Improves Glycosylated Hemoglobin, Lipid Profile Levels and Haematological Sub-inflammatory Biomarkers in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats

Background: Eucalyptus leaf is used traditionally to treat a lot of diseases, but little is known about its use in the management of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications. Objectives: Antidiabetic property of Eucalyptus globulus leaf extract (EGLEX) was assessed on recent Makers of therapeutic response and diabetic disease progression in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Eucalyptus globullus leaf powder (200 g) was extracted with methanol using standard procedure. Hyperglycemia was induced in Wistar rats with single intravenous dose of 50 mg/kg/bwt streptozotocin. The rats were divided into five groups (n = 5): Anormal control, B- diabetic control, C, D and E were diabetic rats treated with Eucalyptus globullus leaf extract (EGLEX), metformin and insulin respectively for four weeks. Samples were collected for biochemical and hematological studies. Data obtained were analysed using One Way Analysis of Variance at <0.05 significance level. Results and Conclusion: The results showed significant (p<0.05) blood glucose reduction of 68%, 51% and 68%, and weight gain of 17%, 18% and 11% in rats treated with EGLEX, metformin and insulin respectively. HBA1c level was significantly (p<0.05) raised (9.30%) in diabeticuntreated rats when compared with normal control (3.77%), EGLEX (4.24%), metformin (4.94%) and insulin (5.33%) groups. The deranged lipid profile indices, malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione levels, superoxide dismutase activity, platelet count, % neutrophil and % lymphocyte were normalized in diabetic rats treated with EGLEX when compared with the values in diabetic untreated rats. The findings concluded that EGLEX possesses antidiabetic property and improves biomarkers of diabetic disease progression.

Hypoglycemic Effect of Lycopersicon esculentum (Tomato) on Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats

Diabetes mellitus has been a key degenerative disease affecting the world’s population. Lycopersicon esculentum (Tomato), a fruit consumed by many and known to have certain phytochemicals was used to determine its hypoglycemic effect on alloxan induced diabetic rats. The tomato was dried, pulverized and dissolved in distilled water and administered orally to albino rats in various concentrations according to their body weight. 30 albino rats were divided into 6 groups of 5 rats each. Groups I and II served as normal and diabetic control respectively, while groups III to VI were induced with diabetes and treated with different concentrations of the prepared tomato. After 14 days of treatment with various concentrations of tomato, there was a marked decrease in blood sugar levels at all the study concentrations. The result of the lipid profile a significant increase (p<0.05) in total cholesterol (150.67±7.02 mg/dL), triglyceride (159.33±5.03 mg/dL), LDL-Cholesterol (77.53±1.83 mg/dL) and a decrease in HCL-Cholesterol (51.67±1.00 mg/dL) levels in untreated diabetic rats when compared to the normal control. Upon treatment with 200 mg/kg of tomato, there was a significant decrease (p< 0.05) in the levels of Triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol and an increase in the HDL-cholesterol. These results suggest that tomato may have the ability to reduce blood sugar level and the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Hypoglycemic, Hypolipidemic, Renal Protective and Antioxidant Activity of Annona muricata in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Annona muricata, an herbal plant commonly used in traditional medicine to manage numerous diseases, diabetes as other diseases could be managed with herbal medicine. This study was designed to be investigated the antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, renal protective, and antioxidant effects of aqueous extracts of Annona muricata as used alone or combined with metformin in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Methods: the study was involved twenty adult Wister albino rats in four groups (five rats in each) and designated as groups, control group (1), and experimental groups (2, 3, 4). Diabetes was induced in experimental groups by 60 mg/kg intravenous streptozotocin injection. Group 2: serves as a diabetic control group, Group 3: diabetic rats treated with oral administration of 100 mg/kg of Annona muricata aqueous extract, Group 4: diabetic rats treated with combination (100 mg/kg aqueous extract of Annona muricata + 50 mg/kg metformin). The treatment continuous daily for 4 weeks to determine the levels of blood glucose and biochemical analysis. Result: aqueous extract of Annona muricata was reduced the serum glucose level effectively in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, by 48% and 55% after 28 consecutive days of treatment when used alone and with metformin, respectively. These compared to the preliminary values and the reduction was statistically significant compared to a diabetic control group. Daily oral administration of 100 mg/kg aqueous extract of Annona muricata for 4 weeks to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats significantly reduced the level of total cholesterol, urea, creatinine, and MDA, whereas the reduction was non-significant in triglyceride and VLDL-cholesterol levels as compared to the non-treated diabetic group. However, the reduction is more significant in streptozotocin-induced diabetes rats that were treated with a combination of Annona muricata and metformin when compared to the diabetic control group. Conclusion: Aqueous extracts of Annona muricata have anti-diabetic action through their hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, renal protective, and antioxidant effects in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Thus, can be used alone or with anti-hyperglycemic drugs as metformin in the management of DM. The combination is preferred in severe hyperglycemic cases with more hypoglycemic effect requirements.

Effects of Silymarin on Blood Glucose Concentration, Hepatic Histopathological Changes and FOXA2 and FOXA3 Gene Expression in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Male Wistar Rats

Since the liver is among the primary organs susceptible to the effects of hyperglycaemia, diabetes mellitus (DM) could be a risk factor for the development and progression of liver damage. In present study, since no side-effects from the herbal medicine have been reported, the effect of silymarin on blood glucose concentration, hepatic histopathological changes and FOXA2 and FOXA3 gene expression, which are key genes in liver regeneration, was investigated. In this fundamental with experimental approach study, 40 male Wistar rats weighing 180-220 g were used. Rats were kept under the standard conditions of temperature of 20-22°C and humidity of 50% and consecutive 12-hour periods of light and darkness. Rats were randomly divided into five different groups (n=8 each), including healthy control rats, diabetic control rats, diabetic rats receiving silymarin (50, 100 and 150 mg/kg). Diabetes was induced by injecting streptozotocin (50 mg/kg B.W., i.p.). For 4 weeks silymarin groups received the drug once every three days through gavage and fasting blood glucose concentration measured once every 10 days. At the end of a month experiment, livers were harvested for hepatic histopathological and FOXA2 and FOXA3 gene expression changes analysis. In the diabetic rats treated with silymarin (50, 100 and 150 mg/kg), by comparison with the diabetic control group (p<0.05), glucose levels decreased significantly. Moreover, FOXA2 and FOXA3 expression in diabetic groups treated with silymarin significantly increased compared to diabetic control group (p<0.05). Hepatic histopathological changes were improved in the treated groups.The present study indicates that silymarin significantly decreased blood glucose concentration and increased the FOXA2 and FOXA3 gene products level. Hence, silymarin is able to improve some of the symptoms associated with diabetes and possesses hepatoprotective effects in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.