Does Mediation-Arbitration Reduce Arbitration Rates? Evidence from a Natural Experiment

ILR Review ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Campolieti ◽  
Chris Riddell
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Difference In Difference ◽  
Canadian Province ◽  
Difference Estimator

To study the effect of the introduction of mediation-arbitration as a dispute resolution procedure on interest arbitration, the authors exploit a natural experiment in the arbitration institutions for police and firefighter sectors in the Canadian province of Ontario. They obtain estimates using a difference-in-difference estimator. Results show that the introduction of mediation-arbitration is significantly associated with increased use of arbitration by firefighters relative to the police. The article also draws on interviews with stakeholders to help explain the mechanisms that contribute to the increase in arbitration rates.

scholarly journals Impact of banning smoking in cars with children on exposure to second-hand smoke: a natural experiment in England and Scotland

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony A Laverty ◽  
Thomas Hone ◽  
Philip E. Anyanwu ◽  
David Taylor Robinson ◽  
Frank de Vocht ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Difference In Difference ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Survey Weighting ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTA ban on smoking in cars with children was implemented in April 2015 in England and December 2016 in Scotland. With survey data from both countries (NEngland=3,483-6,920 and NScotland=232-319), we used this natural experiment to assess the impact of the ban using a difference-in-differences approach. We conducted logistic regression analyses within a Difference-in-Difference framework and adjusted for age, sex, a marker of deprivation and survey weighting for non-response. Among children aged 13-15 years, self-reported levels of regular exposure to smoke in cars were 3.4% in 2012, 2.2% in 2014 and 1.3% in 2016 for Scotland and 6.3%, 5.9% and 1.6% in England. The ban was associated with a 73% reduction (95%CI -59%, -81%) in self-reported exposure to tobacco smoke among children.

scholarly journals Anti-Crime Laws and Retail Prices

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hakan Yilmazkuday
Keyword(s):  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Retail Trade ◽  
Gasoline Prices ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Recent Experience ◽  
Difference In Difference ◽  
Sacramento County ◽  
Retail Prices ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
Security Surveillance

AbstractThe fear of becoming a victim of crime acts as a barrier to retail trade for consumers, where retailers attempt to reduce such barriers by enduring additional costs such as insurance or security/surveillance; as a result, retail prices are affected by the possibility of crime. This paper attempts to measure such effects by considering the recent experience of Sacramento County in California, where an anti-panhandling ordinance has been issued to protect retailers. As an application, a difference-in-difference approach is employed to identify the effects of the ordinance on Sacramento gasoline prices at the retail level, by considering the gasoline prices in neighboring counties as the control group of a natural experiment. The results show that the anti-panhandling ordinance has resulted in lower gasoline prices in Sacramento County.

scholarly journals Food insecurity patterns before and after initial receipt of Supplemental Security Income

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 1909-1913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajan A Sonik ◽  
Susan L Parish ◽  
Monika Mitra
Keyword(s):  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Supplemental Security Income ◽  
Program Participation ◽  
Difference In Difference ◽  
Difference Estimator ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Time Frames

AbstractObjectiveTo assess patterns of food insecurity before and after initial receipt of Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits.DesignWe analysed data from a nationally representative sample. We estimated two difference-in-difference models comparing food insecurity patterns among eventual SSI recipients with patterns among eligible non-recipients during two time frames. The first model assessed changes in food insecurity immediately before SSI benefits were first received and the second model assessed changes in food insecurity after programme entry.Setting2008 panel of the Survey of Income and Program Participation.ParticipantsNon-institutionalized population of the USA.ResultsThe percentage of eventual SSI recipients experiencing food insecurity rose from 18 to 30 % in the year before programme entry, compared with a change from 17 to 18 % for eligible non-recipients. Adjusting for sociodemographic covariates, the difference-in-difference estimator for this comparison was statistically significant (P=0·01). Additionally, the percentage of recipients experiencing food insecurity fell from 28 % in the year before programme entry to 16 % in the year after entry, compared with a change from 16 to 17 % for eligible non-recipients. Adjusting for sociodemographic covariates, the difference-in-difference estimator for this comparison was marginally significant (P=0·07).ConclusionsFood insecurity rises prior to SSI entry but may be alleviated by programme benefits. Greater nutritional supports for SSI applicants awaiting decisions may reduce the burden of food insecurity in this population and improve health outcomes.

Does board independence substitute for external audit quality? Evidence from an exogenous regulatory shock

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pornsit Jiraporn ◽  
Pandej Chintrakarn ◽  
Shenghui Tong ◽  
Sirimon Treepongkaruna
Keyword(s):  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Audit Quality ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Board Independence ◽  
Difference In Difference ◽  
External Audit ◽  
Effective Governance ◽  
Sarbanes Oxley ◽  
Big 4 ◽  
Quality Evidence

Exploiting the passage of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act (SOX) as an exogenous regulatory shock, we investigate whether board independence substitutes for external audit quality. Based on over 14,000 observations across 18 years, our difference-in-difference estimates show that firms forced to raise board independence are far less likely to employ a Big 4 auditor. In particular, board independence lowers the propensity to use a Big 4 auditor by approximately 38%. Firms with stronger board independence enjoy more effective governance and therefore do not need as much external audit quality as those with less effective governance do. Based on a natural experiment, our empirical strategy is far less vulnerable to endogeneity and is thus considerably more likely to show a causal effect, rather than merely an association.

scholarly journals Impact of the statutory concessionary travel scheme on bus travel among older people: a natural experiment from England

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (11) ◽  
pp. 2480-2494
Author(s):  
Elise Whitley ◽  
Peter Craig ◽  
Frank Popham
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Social Participation ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Difference In Difference ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis

AbstractIn the context of worldwide ageing, increasing numbers of older people are lonely, isolated and excluded, with serious implications for health, and cognitive and physical functioning. Access to good public transport can improve mobility and social participation among older adults, and policies that improve access and promote use, such as concessionary travel schemes, are potentially important in promoting healthy and successful ageing. Concessionary travel schemes for older people are in place in many countries but are under threat following the global financial crisis. Evidence regarding their success in encouraging activity and social participation is generally positive but based largely on qualitative or observational associations and, in particular, is often limited by the lack of appropriate comparison groups. We use changes in the English statutory scheme, in particular the rising eligibility age from 2010 onwards, as a natural experiment to explore its impact on older people's travel. A difference-in-difference-in-difference analysis of National Travel Surveys (2002–2016) compares three age groups differentially affected by eligibility criteria: 50–59 years (consistently ineligible), 60–64 years (decreasing eligibility from 2010) and 65–74 years (consistently eligible). Compared with 50–59-year-olds, bus travel by 60–74-year-olds increased year-on-year from 2002 to 2010 then fell following rises in eligibility age (annual change in weekly bus travel: −2.9 per cent (−4.1%, −1.7%) in 60–74- versus 50–59-year-olds). Results were consistent across gender, occupation and rurality. Our results indicate that access to, specifically, free travel increases bus use and access to services among older people, potentially improving mobility, social participation and health. However, the rising eligibility age in England has led to a reduction in bus travel in older people, including those not directly affected by the change, demonstrating that the positive impact of the concession goes beyond those who are eligible. Future work should explore the cost–benefit trade-off of this and similar schemes worldwide.

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