scholarly journals Food insecurity patterns before and after initial receipt of Supplemental Security Income

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 1909-1913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajan A Sonik ◽  
Susan L Parish ◽  
Monika Mitra
Keyword(s):  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Supplemental Security Income ◽  
Program Participation ◽  
Difference In Difference ◽  
Difference Estimator ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Time Frames

AbstractObjectiveTo assess patterns of food insecurity before and after initial receipt of Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits.DesignWe analysed data from a nationally representative sample. We estimated two difference-in-difference models comparing food insecurity patterns among eventual SSI recipients with patterns among eligible non-recipients during two time frames. The first model assessed changes in food insecurity immediately before SSI benefits were first received and the second model assessed changes in food insecurity after programme entry.Setting2008 panel of the Survey of Income and Program Participation.ParticipantsNon-institutionalized population of the USA.ResultsThe percentage of eventual SSI recipients experiencing food insecurity rose from 18 to 30 % in the year before programme entry, compared with a change from 17 to 18 % for eligible non-recipients. Adjusting for sociodemographic covariates, the difference-in-difference estimator for this comparison was statistically significant (P=0·01). Additionally, the percentage of recipients experiencing food insecurity fell from 28 % in the year before programme entry to 16 % in the year after entry, compared with a change from 16 to 17 % for eligible non-recipients. Adjusting for sociodemographic covariates, the difference-in-difference estimator for this comparison was marginally significant (P=0·07).ConclusionsFood insecurity rises prior to SSI entry but may be alleviated by programme benefits. Greater nutritional supports for SSI applicants awaiting decisions may reduce the burden of food insecurity in this population and improve health outcomes.

Welfare Reform and the Health Insurance Coverage of Women and Children

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
John H Cawley ◽  
Mathis Schroeder ◽  
Kosali Ilayperu Simon
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Welfare Reform ◽  
Personal Responsibility ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Health Insurance Coverage ◽  
Program Participation ◽  
Percent Increase ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
The Difference

There is tremendous interest in understanding the effects of welfare reform enacted by the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996. Our interest lies in one possible consequence of welfare reform: the loss of health insurance.This paper advances the literature by utilizing the 1992-1996 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation, matching type of insurance coverage to the presence of waivers from AFDC or TANF implementation in each state in specific months. We utilize a difference in differences method. Specifically, we estimate the difference before and after welfare reform in the insurance coverage of women and children who were likely to be eligible for welfare compared to those who were likely to be ineligible for welfare.We find that AFDC waivers prior to 1996 and the implementation of TANF after 1996 raised the probability that welfare-eligible women lack health insurance coverage. Specifically, TANF implementation is associated with a 7.8 percent increase in the probability that a welfare-eligible woman was uninsured. Welfare reform had less of an impact on the health insurance coverage of children. We find no evidence that AFDC waivers increased the probability that welfare-eligible children were uninsured. However, TANF implementation was associated with a 2.8 percent increase in the probability that a welfare-eligible child lacked health insurance.

scholarly journals Food insecurity, acculturation and diagnosis of CHD and related health outcomes among immigrant adults in the USA

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 416-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D Smith ◽  
Alisha Coleman-Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Angina Pectoris ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Poor Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Food Security Status ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractObjective:To deepen understanding of the relationship between food insecurity, acculturation, and diagnosis of CHD and related health outcomes among immigrant adults.Design:Using cross-sectional, nationally representative data from the National Health Interview Survey 2011 to 2015, we address two research questions. First, what is the relationship of household food insecurity and acculturation with: CHD, angina pectoris, heart attack, self-rated poor health and obesity? Second, what is the association of food insecurity with these health outcomes over years of living in the USA? We estimate multivariate logistic regressions without (question 1) and with (question 2) an interaction term between food insecurity and acculturation for CHD and related health outcomes.Setting:USA.Participants:Low-income immigrant adults.Results:Food insecurity and acculturation are both associated with diagnosis of CHD and related health outcomes among immigrant adults. Food insecurity and acculturation are associated with the health of female immigrants more than males. Also, the differences by food security status in the probability of having several poor health outcomes (self-rated heath, obesity, women’s angina pectoris) are largest for those in the USA for less than 5 years, decrease for those who have lived in the USA for 5–14 years, and are larger again for those in the USA for 15 or more years.Conclusions:Recent and long-term food-insecure immigrants are more vulnerable to CHD and related health outcomes than those in the USA for 5–14 years. Further research is needed to understand why.

scholarly journals Food insecurity and subsequent weight gain in women

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonya J Jones ◽  
Edward A Frongillo
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Using Data

AbstractObjectiveCross-sectional data indicate that a relationship between household food insecurity and overweight exists among women in the USA. Cross-sectional data cannot determine if food insecurity leads to overweight as some have hypothesised. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship of food insecurity with subsequent weight gain in women using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID).Design, setting and subjectsPanel data from the 1999 and 2001 PSID, a nationally representative sample of households, were analysed using multivariate regression procedures.ResultsAverage weight gain among all women (n = 5595) was 1.1 kg on average over the two years. There were no significant differences in the percentages of women who gained a clinically significant amount (2.3 kg) by food insecurity status. Overweight women who were on a weight-gain trajectory during the 2-year period gained less if they were food-insecure. This relationship was not observed among healthy-weight or obese women.ConclusionsOverall, food insecurity does not appear to be strongly associated with subsequent weight gain in women.

scholarly journals Media trust and infection mitigating behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic in the USA

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. e003323
Author(s):  
Erfei Zhao ◽  
Qiao Wu ◽  
Eileen M Crimmins ◽  
Jennifer A Ailshire
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Fox News ◽  
Public Health Crisis ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Risky Behaviours ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Health Messaging

IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented public health crisis. It is becoming increasingly clear that people’s behavioural responses in the USA during this fast-changing pandemic are associated with their preferred media sources. The polarisation of US media has been reflected in politically motivated messaging around the coronavirus by some media outlets, such as Fox News. This resulted in different messaging around the risks of infection and behavioural changes necessary to mitigate that risk. This study determined if COVID-related behaviours differed according to trust in left-leaning or right-leaning media and how differences changed over the first several months of the pandemic.MethodsUsing the nationally representative Understanding America Study COVID-19 panel, we examine preventive and risky behaviours related to infection from COVID-19 over the period from 10 March to 9 June for people with trust in different media sources: one left-leaning, CNN and another right-leaning, Fox News. People’s media preferences are categorised into three groups: (1) those who trust CNN more than Fox News; (2) those who have equal or no preferences and (3) those who trust Fox News more than CNN.ResultsResults showed that compared with those who trust CNN more than Fox news, people who trust Fox News more than CNN engaged in fewer preventive behaviours and more risky behaviours related to COVID-19. Out of five preventive and five risky behaviours examined, people who trust Fox News more than CNN practised an average of 3.41 preventive behaviours and 1.25 risky behaviours, while those who trust CNN more than Fox News engaged in an average of 3.85 preventive and 0.94 risky behaviours, from late March to June. The difference between these two groups widened in the month of May (p≤0.01), even after controlling for access to professional information and overall diversity of information sources.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that behavioural responses were divided along media bias lines. In such a highly partisan environment, false information can be easily disseminated, and health messaging, which is one of the few effective ways to slowdown the spread of the virus in the absence of a vaccine, is being damaged by politically biased and economically focused narratives. During a public health crisis, media should reduce their partisan stance on health information, and the health messaging from neutral and professional sources based on scientific findings should be better promoted.

scholarly journals The Design and Implementation of an Educational Augmented Reality Application for Logical Circuit Design

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-50
Author(s):  
Fatih Arıkan ◽  
Hasan Özgür
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Engineering Students ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Augmented Reality Application ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Education Status ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Difference

The purpose of the study is to determine the effect of augmented reality applications on the learning of engineering students in their professional courses. The objective of the study is to ensure that augmented reality technologies, which are among the most important technologies of today, are used in educational settings. The other important objective of the study is to ensure that the augmented reality technologies used in professional training in countries such as the USA, Canada and the Netherlands are also used in our country and to provide a world-class education opportunity. Also, contributing to the economy of our country with the successful studies to be carried out in this regard is among the objectives of the study because of the increasing interest in augmented reality software throughout the world and the formation of an important economy related to the development of these kinds of software.In the study, an augmented reality application developed by the researcher was used in the learning process of a subject included in the faculty of engineering education curriculum. The study was performed using a convergent parallel mixed-methods design in which both qualitative and quantitative data were used simultaneously. The result of the study showed that there were no significant difference between the average attitude towards AR applications of the students participating in the study and the gender, class, and father education level; however, it is seen that there was a significant difference between maternal education status. It was also determined that the difference between the students’ average attitude towards AR applications before and after the study was significant.Similarly, it was observed that the difference between the AR attitude averages before and after the study and the AG attitude average 4 weeks after the study was also observed to be significant. It was also found that the students who participated in the study found the AR applications remarkable, entertaining, understandable and useful for the instructor. Moreover, they stated that using AR applications in lessons would contribute to fast and active learning and increase success.

scholarly journals Impact of Turkish policy reform on labor force status of disabled males: A difference-in-difference analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-5
Author(s):  
Burcu Düzgün-Öncel ◽  
Deniz Karaoğlan
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Policy Reform ◽  
Difference In Difference ◽  
Statistical Institute ◽  
Labor Force Status ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual

This paper aims to study the effect of a Turkish policy reform enacted in 2008 that requires firms to hire disabled applicants. Our attention is only on males to avoid complications arising from gender differences in disability and labor force participation. The data is from the Turkey Health Survey (THS) of the Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat) for the years 2008 and 2012. We define ?disability? as an impairment of long-term health conditions that lasts more than six months and that restricts the individual in daily activities. We use difference-in-difference (DD) estimation, in which the DD estimator is the difference between disabled and nondisabled individuals in the difference in labor force participation before and after the new policy. The results suggest an insignificant effect of the treatment on the treated, implying that the policy reform does not create any incentive for disabled males to participate in the labor force.

Rent burden and the Great Recession in the USA

Urban Studies ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 226-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregg Colburn ◽  
Ryan Allen
Keyword(s):  
Great Recession ◽  
Household Composition ◽  
Program Participation ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
Policy Domain ◽  
Privileged Status ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Household Responses

In the aftermath of the recent recession, the percentage of households facing rent burden in the USA reached historically high levels, while cost burden for owners has shrunk. This study uses two panels from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) to compare the prevalence, distribution and household responses to the phenomenon of rent burden in the USA in the years immediately before and after the Great Recession. Results suggest that rent burden has become more prevalent after the recession and that income, household composition and location are major drivers of this phenomenon, both before and after the recession. Results also indicate that exiting rent burden was more difficult in the years after the recession and that an increasingly common coping mechanism for rent burdened households is to increase their household sizes. These results indicate that renters have experienced increased financial stress related to their housing. This finding is notable given the lack of policy responses that address hardship among renter households in contrast to the privileged status enjoyed by homeowners in the policy domain.

scholarly journals Synthetic controls with imperfect pretreatment fit

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1197-1221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Ferman ◽  
Cristine Pinto
Keyword(s):  
Synthetic Control ◽  
Difference In Difference ◽  
Specification Test ◽  
Difference Estimator ◽  
Treatment Assignment ◽  
Practical Guidance ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Synthetic Controls ◽  
Theoretical Results

We analyze the properties of the Synthetic Control (SC) and related estimators when the pre‐treatment fit is imperfect. In this framework, we show that these estimators are generally biased if treatment assignment is correlated with unobserved confounders, even when the number of pre‐treatment periods goes to infinity. Still, we show that a demeaned version of the SC method can improve in terms of bias and variance relative to the difference‐in‐difference estimator. We also derive a specification test for the demeaned SC estimator in this setting with imperfect pre‐treatment fit. Given our theoretical results, we provide practical guidance for applied researchers on how to justify the use of such estimators in empirical applications.

Tem analysis of multiple-energy arsenic implanted and Rta'd silicon

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 246-247
Author(s):  
R.A. Herring
Keyword(s):  
Device Fabrication ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Tem Analysis ◽  
Defect Clusters ◽  
High Fluences ◽  
Small Defect ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Factor Type

Rapid thermal annealing (RTA) of ion-implanted Si is important for device fabrication. The defect structures of 2.5, 4.0, and 6.0 MeV As-implanted silicon irradiated to fluences of 2E14, 4E14, and 6E14, respectively, have been analyzed by electron diffraction both before and after RTA at 1100°C for 10 seconds. At such high fluences and energies the implanted As ions change the Si from crystalline to amorphous. Three distinct amorphous regions emerge due to the three implantation energies used (Fig. 1). The amorphous regions are separated from each other by crystalline Si (marked L1, L2, and L3 in Fig. 1) which contains a high concentration of small defect clusters. The small defect clusters were similar to what had been determined earlier as being amorphous zones since their contrast was principally of the structure-factor type that arises due to the difference in extinction distance between the matrix and damage regions.

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