New Approaches to Candida and Oral Mycotic Infections

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 152-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. McCullough ◽  
L.L. Patton ◽  
M. Coogan ◽  
P.L. Fidel ◽  
M. Komesu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Fungal Disease ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Mucosal Disease ◽  
Oral Candidosis ◽  
Oral Biofilms ◽  
Neonatal Nutrition ◽  
Topical Medications

This workshop reviewed aspects of the following: oral fungal disease in HIV-infected patients and the predictive value of oral mucosal disease in HIV progression; the role of the oral biofilms in mucosal disease; microbial virulence factors and the pseudomembranous oral mucosal disease process; the role that oral mucosal disease may have in HIV transmission; and the available topical antifungal treatment. This article summarizes the ensuing discussions and raises pertinent problems and potential research directions associated with oral fungal disease in HIV-infected patients, including the frequency of oral candidosis, the role of the intraoral biofilm in the development of oral mucosal disease, and host-pathogen interactions, as well as the development of the fetal oral mucosa, neonatal nutrition, and the role of oral candidosis in this setting. Finally, discussions are summarized on the use of inexpensive effective antifungal mouthwashes in resource-poor countries, the potential stigmata that may be associated with their use, as well as novel topical medications that may have clinical applicability in managing oral candidal infections in HIV-infected patients.

scholarly journals Chronic Hyperplastic Candidosis/Candidiasis (Candidal Leukoplakia)

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 253-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A.M. Sitheeque ◽  
L.P. Samaranayake
Keyword(s):  
Immune Suppression ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Future Research ◽  
White Patch ◽  
Oral Candidosis ◽  
Biological Aspects ◽  
A Minor

Chronic hyperplastic candidosis/candidiasis (CHC; syn. candidal leukoplakia) is a variant of oral candidosis that typically presents as a white patch on the commissures of the oral mucosa. The major etiologic agent of the disease is the oral fungal pathogen Candida predominantly belonging to Candida albicans, although other systemic co-factors, such as vitamin deficiency and generalized immune suppression, may play a contributory role. Clinically, the lesions are symptomless and regress after appropriate antifungal therapy and correction of underlying nutritional or other deficiencies. If the lesions are untreated, a minor proportion may demonstrate dysplasia and develop into carcinomas. This review outlines the demographic features, etiopathogenesis, immunological features, histopathology, and the role of Candida in the disease process. In the final part of the review, newer molecular biological aspects of the disease are considered together with the management protocols that are currently available, and directions for future research.

METHODOLOGY OF PLAYING ACTIVITY IN REHABILITATION PRACTICE

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 2543-2548
Author(s):  
Petya Kasnakova
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Thought Processes ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
Movement Skills ◽  
Movement Training ◽  
Motor Movement

The games play a special role in rehabilitation practice. The positive emotions they cause in patients cannot be achieved by other methods and means of modern rehabilitation. The role of game playing activity in practice is crucial to the achievement of one of the important tasks in implementing rehabilitation measures, namely to evacuate the patient from the depressed mental state, to distract him from the disease process and to focus on mobilizing his healing powers. The mood, the emotional charge and the dynamics that the games create are particularly suited to awakening the patient's interest in the healing process, their attraction and their active involvement in the rehabilitation activities. The connection between the actions in the game and the movements in the analytical exercises accelerates the formation of motor habits, physical qualities and skills not only in children but also in adult patients with various pathological injuries. Rehabilitation games are suitable for all ages by enhancing the health of the occupants, developing their mental qualities, improving the activity of the vestibular, visual and motor analyzers. The basis of the motor movement training game methodology and the improvement of motor movement skills is the activation of the thought processes and emotional experiences, the development of the functions of the musculoskeletal system, the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system.

scholarly journals When a Neonate Is Born, So Is a Microbiota

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 148
Author(s):  
Alessandra Coscia ◽  
Flaminia Bardanzellu ◽  
Elisa Caboni ◽  
Vassilios Fanos ◽  
Diego Giampietro Peroni
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Assisted Reproduction Techniques ◽  
Neonatal Nutrition ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Number Of Bacteria

In recent years, the role of human microbiota as a short- and long-term health promoter and modulator has been affirmed and progressively strengthened. In the course of one’s life, each subject is colonized by a great number of bacteria, which constitute its specific and individual microbiota. Human bacterial colonization starts during fetal life, in opposition to the previous paradigm of the “sterile womb”. Placenta, amniotic fluid, cord blood and fetal tissues each have their own specific microbiota, influenced by maternal health and habits and having a decisive influence on pregnancy outcome and offspring outcome. The maternal microbiota, especially that colonizing the genital system, starts to influence the outcome of pregnancy already before conception, modulating fertility and the success rate of fertilization, even in the case of assisted reproduction techniques. During the perinatal period, neonatal microbiota seems influenced by delivery mode, drug administration and many other conditions. Special attention must be reserved for early neonatal nutrition, because breastfeeding allows the transmission of a specific and unique lactobiome able to modulate and positively affect the neonatal gut microbiota. Our narrative review aims to investigate the currently identified pre- and peri-natal factors influencing neonatal microbiota, before conception, during pregnancy, pre- and post-delivery, since the early microbiota influences the whole life of each subject.

scholarly journals Acid tolerance in early colonizers of oral biofilms

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriella Boisen ◽  
Julia R. Davies ◽  
Jessica Neilands
Keyword(s):  
Acid Tolerance ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Salivary Proteins ◽  
Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy ◽  
Planktonic Cells ◽  
Tolerance Development ◽  
Salivary Pellicle ◽  
Oral Biofilms ◽  
Acid Tolerant

Abstract Background In caries, low pH drives selection and enrichment of acidogenic and aciduric bacteria in oral biofilms, and development of acid tolerance in early colonizers is thought to play a key role in this shift. Since previous studies have focussed on planktonic cells, the effect of biofilm growth as well as the role of a salivary pellicle on this process is largely unknown. We explored acid tolerance and acid tolerance response (ATR) induction in biofilm cells of both clinical and laboratory strains of three oral streptococcal species (Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus oralis and Streptococcus mutans) as well as two oral species of Actinomyces (A. naeslundii and A. odontolyticus) and examined the role of salivary proteins in acid tolerance development. Methods Biofilms were formed on surfaces in Ibidi® mini flow cells with or without a coating of salivary proteins and acid tolerance assessed by exposing them to a challenge known to kill non-acid tolerant cells (pH 3.5 for 30 min) followed by staining with LIVE/DEAD BacLight and confocal scanning laser microscopy. The ability to induce an ATR was assessed by exposing the biofilms to an adaptation pH (pH 5.5) for 2 hours prior to the low pH challenge. Results Biofilm formation significantly increased acid tolerance in all the clinical streptococcal strains (P < 0.05) whereas the laboratory strains varied in their response. In biofilms, S. oralis was much more acid tolerant than S. gordonii or S. mutans. A. naeslundii showed a significant increase in acid tolerance in biofilms compared to planktonic cells (P < 0.001) which was not seen for A. odontolyticus. All strains except S. oralis induced an ATR after pre-exposure to pH 5.5 (P < 0.05). The presence of a salivary pellicle enhanced both acid tolerance development and ATR induction in S. gordonii biofilms (P < 0.05) but did not affect the other bacteria to the same extent. Conclusions These findings suggest that factors such as surface contact, the presence of a salivary pellicle and sensing of environmental pH can contribute to the development of high levels of acid tolerance amongst early colonizers in oral biofilms which may be important in the initiation of caries.

scholarly journals Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: The Human Herpesviruses Are Back!

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
Maria Eugenia Ariza
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Chronic Fatigue ◽  
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Fatigue Syndrome ◽  
Specific Proteins ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Human Herpesviruses

Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) or Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease (SEID) is a chronic multisystem illness of unconfirmed etiology. There are currently no biomarkers and/or signatures available to assist in the diagnosis of the syndrome and while numerous mechanisms have been hypothesized to explain the pathology of ME/CFS, the triggers and/or drivers remain unknown. Initial studies suggested a potential role of the human herpesviruses especially Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the disease process but inconsistent and conflicting data led to the erroneous suggestion that these viruses had no role in the syndrome. New studies using more advanced approaches have now demonstrated that specific proteins encoded by EBV could contribute to the immune and neurological abnormalities exhibited by a subgroup of patients with ME/CFS. Elucidating the role of these herpesvirus proteins in ME/CFS may lead to the identification of specific biomarkers and the development of novel therapeutics.

scholarly journals The Role of Exopolysaccharides in Oral Biofilms

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (7) ◽  
pp. 739-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Cugini ◽  
M. Shanmugam ◽  
N. Landge ◽  
N. Ramasubbu
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Super Resolution ◽  
Extracellular Proteins ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharides ◽  
Oral Biofilms ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Oral Microbes ◽  
Biofilm Development

The oral cavity contains a rich consortium of exopolysaccharide-producing microbes. These extracellular polysaccharides comprise a major component of the oral biofilm. Together with extracellular proteins, DNA, and lipids, they form the biofilm matrix, which contributes to bacterial colonization, biofilm formation and maintenance, and pathogenesis. While a number of oral microbes have been studied in detail with regard to biofilm formation and pathogenesis, the exopolysaccharides have been well characterized for only select organisms, namely Streptococcus mutans and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Studies on the exopolysaccharides of other oral organisms, however, are in their infancy. In this review, we present the current research on exopolysaccharides of oral microbes regarding their biosynthesis, regulation, contributions to biofilm formation and stability of the matrix, and immune evasion. In addition, insight into the role of exopolysaccharides in biofilms is highlighted through the evaluation of emerging techniques such as pH probing of biofilm colonies, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance for macromolecular interactions within biofilms, and super-resolution microscopy analysis of biofilm development. Finally, exopolysaccharide as a potential nutrient source for species within a biofilm is discussed.

Role of acute infection in HIV transmission

The Lancet ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 378 (9807) ◽  
pp. 1913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian G Williams ◽  
Reuben Granich ◽  
Christopher Dye
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Acute Infection

Environmental Management in Uganda: The Importance of Property Law and Local Government in Wetlands Conservation

1993 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin J. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Management ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Policy Making Process ◽  
Legal Frameworks ◽  
Wetlands Conservation ◽  
Wise Use Of Wetlands ◽  
Ugandan Government

The development of strategies for the conservation and wise use of wetlands in Uganda is significant for what it reveals about how law contributes to the sustainable management of natural resources in poor countries in general. The highly inter-disciplinary and cross-sectoral management requirements of wetlands make this issue one of the most challenging, and wetlands constitute today the single most important environmental issue being addressed by the Ugandan government. As part of this effort, the legal frameworks for property rights and local government are being overhauled so as to provide a sounder basis for environmental management in this field. This article analyses the Ugandan approach to wetlands management and the role of property rights and local government in the environmental policy-making process.

scholarly journals The role of temporal artery biopsies in giant cell arteritis

2011 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
CG Davies ◽  
DJ May
Keyword(s):  
Giant Cell Arteritis ◽  
Giant Cell ◽  
No Value ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Temporal Artery

A knowledge of the disease process of giant cell arteritis and its diagnosis can help a surgeon to decide which patients will benefit from a biopsy being performed and identify where a biopsy would be of no value in their management. This article discusses the issues involved.

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