Development of Physical Activity Competence Test Battery and Evaluation Standards for Korean Children

The purpose of this study is to develop a comprehensive and systematic method and standard for evaluating children’s physical activity competency as a solution to the problem of increasing child obesity rates due to a decrease in physical activity among children. This study was used a cross-sectional study design. A literature review and Delphi survey were conducted to develop children’s physical activity competency evaluation. The evaluation criteria were presented based on the measurement data of metropolitan area kindergarten students (228 subjects) on the 2016 winter vacation. Items in the evaluation of children’s physical activity competency test battery include health physical strength, basic movement skills, physical activity habits, and physical activity attitudes. Physical fitness for health consisted of muscle strength and endurance (sit-up), flexibility (sit and reach, trunk lift) and body composition (BMI). Fundamental movement skills consisted of mobility (run, hop, jump), stability (static balance, dynamic balance), and control (throw kick). Physical activity habits consisted of the amount of daily steps (steps), exercise time, screen time, and sleep time. Physical activity attitudes consisted of preference, enjoyment, and confidence. The evaluation criteria for child physical activity competency test battery were presented in five stages, divided by age and gender. With the developed evaluation of children’s physical activity competency, the overall level of physical fitness for health, fundamental movement skills, physical activity habits, and physical activity attitudes of kindergarteners in the metropolitan area could be confirmed, and standards were presented.

Physical Activity Model to Develop Basic Movement Skills in Kindergarten Students Based on Physical Literacy

The lack of physical activity that is applied in Kindergarten (PAUD) has a bad impact on the future of children. It was revealed that the designed curriculum was more dominant in the development of academic achievement. The study purpose was to develop basic movement skills in kindergarten students based on physical literacy. Materials and methods. The method used in this study was research and development methods using quantitative and qualitative settings. With a population of all kindergarten teachers in Cilacap Regency which amounted to 1,387 teachers from 350 kindergartens, the sample used was 52 teachers who were taken by proportional sampling. The data analysis technique used in his study was descriptive quantitative data analysis techniques with percentages. Results. The research findings show that each item of the statement of physical activity variables in developing students' basic movements can be seen from the average value of 4.205 which is in the very good category scale range. The statement that has the smallest average value in statement number 2 is “Do students have enough physical activity at school?” and has a value of 3.827 with a good category. While the highest average in statement number 1 is “Are Kindergarten students' physical activities held at school?” with an average value of 4.423 very good category. Conclusions. Therefore, it can be concluded that "kindergarten students' physical activities held in schools" give a very good impression and are beneficial for kindergarten (PAUD) children for their growth and development.

FUNDAMENTAL MOVEMENT SKILLS: IDENTIFIKASI KETERAMPILAN GERAK DASAR OLAHRAGA PADA SISWA

Penelitian analisis keterampilan gerak olahraga berbasis Fundamental Movement Skills bertujuan untuk untuk mengukur dan mengetahui keterampilan gerak olahraga yang dimiliki oleh siswa SD dan SMP di Kecamatan Sumbang. Penelitian ini penting untuk dilakukan karena dengan diketahuinya tingkat keterampilan gerak olahraga pada siswa disetiap jenjang pendidikan maka akan membantu guru dan pelatih untuk membina anak dalam menggali potensi olahraga yang dimiliki sehingga dapat membantu anak untuk berkembang sesuai bakat dan dapat berprestasi tinggi di masa yang akan datang. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu deskriptif kuantitatif, dengan pendekatan Survey. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu tes Fundamental Movement Skills untuk mengukur tingkat keterampilan gerak olahraga pada siswa. Sampel pada penelitian ini berjumlah 35 orang dengan rincian 25 siswa SD dan 15 siswa SMP. Hasil penelitian keterampilan gerak olahraga pada siswa SD menunjukan bahwa terdapat 12 anak yang berada pada kategori baik, 4 anak cukup dan 4 anak dalam kategori kurang. Sedangkan untuk siswa SMP menunjukan hasil 11 anak dengan kategori baik dan 4 anak cukup. Secara keseluruhan, siswa SD dan SMP di Desa Karanggintung, Sumbang memiliki rata-rata keterampilan gerak olahraga pada kategori baik. Hasil penelitian keterampilan gerak olahraga berbasis Fundamental Movement Skills akan memberikan dampak positif dalam menemukan dan menggali potensi keterampilan gerak pada siswa SD dan SMP di bidang olahraga.

Cross-cultural comparison of fundamental movement skills in 9- to 10-year-old children from England and China

The present study aimed to examine cross-cultural differences in fundamental movement skills (FMS) proficiency levels in children aged 9–10 years old in England and China, using a process-oriented FMS measurement. Four FMS (run, jump, throw, catch) were measured using the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 (TGMD-2). The sample consisted of 272 (58.3% boys, 41.7% girls) Chinese children and 273 (48.7% boys, 51.3% girls) English children. ANCOVA analysis for the raw FMS scores showed significant sex by country interaction ( P = .022, partial η2 = .01). Chinese children scored higher than English children on total FMS, locomotor, and object control skill subsets. Additional Chi-squared analyses revealed significant differences regarding mastery levels of skills, with a higher proportion of Chinese children being classified as having advanced skill proficiency across three of four selected FMS (i.e. run, throw, and catch). The substantial cross-cultural differences found may be related to aspects such as Physical Education (PE) provision and process, educational policy, and other physical activity opportunities (e.g. extracurricular organised sports). Our findings require further examination of the contextual influences, in order to understand the optimal strategies that promote children's FMS development through PE, youth sports, or physical activity promotion.

Translating Thoughts Into Action: Optimizing Motor Performance and Learning Through Brief Motivational and Attentional Influences

Skilled motor performance is essential in sports, the performing arts, various occupations, and many daily activities. Scientists and practitioners alike are therefore interested in understanding the conditions that influence the performance and learning of movement skills, and how they can be utilized to optimize training. In OPTIMAL theory, three motivational and attentional factors are key: enhanced expectancies for future performance, the performer’s autonomy, and an external focus of attention. We review recent evidence suggesting that each factor contributes independently to strengthen the coupling of goals to actions. This work has implications ranging from fostering more effective skill development in novice learners, to increasing the efficiency of athletes’ and musicians’ performance, and to facilitating the success of patients in regaining functional capabilities.

Developing Basic Movement Skills in Primary School Students: Planned Games and Movement Education Applications

Aim: The aim of this study is to develop the movement skills of primary school students (1st and 2nd grades) in Erzurum city center with planned games and movement education applications. Method: 38 students (24 males + 14 females) living in the central campus of Erzurum province and selected according to the convenience sampling method, one of the purposeful sampling methods, participated in the research. Students participated in specially prepared game and movement training programs between 60-90 minutes 3 days a week during the summer period. In the first stage of the study, basic skills were determined by applying basic skill tests which is flamingo balance, catching the thrown ball, standing long jump, throwing a tennis ball, running 20 meters straight, hitting the ball with the foot, vertical jumping and galloping as a pre-test. At the end of the 2-month (8 weeks) period, basic skill tests were applied as a post-test and their status was compared. Findings: According to the results of the research, a positive (p<0.05) improvement was observed in the initial basic skill tests which applied flamingo balance, catching the thrown ball, standing long jump, throwing a tennis ball, running 20 metetraight, hitting the ball with the foot, vertical jump and gallop. Result: As a result, it was concluded that the game and special movement training program, which is made regularly for primary school 1st and 2nd grade students, contributes positively to their basic motor skills. Key Words: Primary school, games, movement training, skill development.