A Case of Fatal Dieldrin Poisoning

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 268-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anni Steentoft
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Insecticidal Activity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fatal Intoxication ◽  
Toxicological Data ◽  
Residual Action

Dieldrin was developed in the United States and was made available commercially in 1948. Chemically, dieldrin is 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 10-hexachloro-6, 7-epoxy-1, 4, 4a, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8a-octahydro-1, 4, 5, 8-dimethanonaphthalene and forms, together with aldrin and endrin, a triumvirate of insecticides derived from hexachlorodicyclopentadiene. High insecticidal activity combined with long residual action makes dieldrin an effective insecticide. Dieldrin is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, the respiratory tract and the skin. Several cases of chronic or acute non-fatal dieldrin poisoning have been reported, but only a very small number of fatal dieldrin cases with only fragmentary toxicological data have been described. This paper concerns a fatal intoxication due to dieldrin, including toxicological findings in blood, liver and muscle.

Potassium binders

ESC CardioMed ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 218-221
Author(s):  
Keld P. Kjeldsen ◽  
Juan Tamargo ◽  
Thomas A. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Clinical Pharmacology ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
The United States ◽  
European Medicines Agency ◽  
Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate ◽  
United States Food ◽  
States Food ◽  
Potassium Binders ◽  
Sodium Zirconium Cyclosilicate

Potassium binders are used for the treatment of and prophylaxis against hyperkalaemia. Already in 1958, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved sodium polystyrene sulfonate, a potassium binder exchanging sodium for potassium in the gastrointestinal tract. In 2015, the FDA approved a new potassium binder, patiromer sorbitex calcium (Veltassa®), exchanging calcium for potassium, and in 2017, it was approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA). Furthermore, in 2018, the FDA and the EMA approved another new potassium binder, sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (Lokelma®), exchanging sodium for potassium. The clinical pharmacology aspects of potassium binders are reviewed in this chapter.

Potassium binders

ESC CardioMed ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 218-221
Author(s):  
Keld P. Kjeldsen ◽  
Juan Tamargo ◽  
Thomas A. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Clinical Pharmacology ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
The United States ◽  
European Medicines Agency ◽  
Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate ◽  
United States Food ◽  
States Food ◽  
Potassium Binders ◽  
Sodium Zirconium Cyclosilicate

Potassium binders are used for the treatment of and prophylaxis against hyperkalaemia. Already in 1958, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved sodium polystyrene sulfonate, a potassium binder exchanging sodium for potassium in the gastrointestinal tract. In 2015, the FDA approved a new potassium binder, patiromer sorbitex calcium (Veltassa®), exchanging calcium for potassium, and in 2017, it was approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA). Furthermore, in January 2018 approval by the FDA of another new potassium binder, sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (ZS-9®), exchanging sodium for potassium, is pending. The clinical pharmacology aspects of potassium binders are reviewed in this chapter.

Klebsiella Rhinoscleromatis: A Clinical and Pathogenic Enigma

1979 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Miller ◽  
Joel B. Shulman ◽  
Rinaldo F. Canalis ◽  
Paul H. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
United States ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
The United States ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Endemic Areas ◽  
Clinical Experiment

Rhinoscleroma is a chronic, slowly progressive, infectious disease of the respiratory tract that can produce disability and death, if untreated. Once considered an anomaly in the United States, the disease is now seen more frequently in this country, owing to increased travel from endemic areas. This report presents a comprehensive review of the several types of therapy that have been published in the literature. The results of a clinical experiment are also presented.

scholarly journals National and Regional Assessment of Antimicrobial Resistance among Community-Acquired Respiratory Tract Pathogens Identified in a 2005-2006 U.S. Faropenem Surveillance Study

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 4382-4389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian A. Critchley ◽  
Steven D. Brown ◽  
Maria M. Traczewski ◽  
Glenn S. Tillotson ◽  
Nebojsa Janjic
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Empirical Therapy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Resistance Rates

ABSTRACT Surveillance studies conducted in the United States over the last decade have revealed increasing resistance among community-acquired respiratory pathogens, especially Streptococcus pneumoniae, that may limit future options for empirical therapy. The objective of this study was to assess the scope and magnitude of the problem at the national and regional levels during the 2005-2006 respiratory season (the season when community-acquired respiratory pathogens are prevalent) in the United States. Also, since faropenem is an oral penem being developed for the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections, another study objective was to provide baseline data to benchmark changes in the susceptibility of U.S. respiratory pathogens to the drug in the future. The in vitro activities of faropenem and other agents were determined against 1,543 S. pneumoniae isolates, 978 Haemophilus influenzae isolates, and 489 Moraxella catarrhalis isolates collected from 104 U.S. laboratories across six geographic regions during the 2005-2006 respiratory season. Among S. pneumoniae isolates, the rates of resistance to penicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, and cefdinir were 16, 6.4, and 19.2%, respectively. The least effective agents were trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) and azithromycin, with resistance rates of 23.5 and 34%, respectively. Penicillin resistance rates for S. pneumoniae varied by region (from 8.7 to 22.5%), as did multidrug resistance rates for S. pneumoniae (from 8.8 to 24.9%). Resistance to β-lactams, azithromycin, and SXT was higher among S. pneumoniae isolates from children than those from adults. β-Lactamase production rates among H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis isolates were 27.4 and 91.6%, respectively. Faropenem MICs at which 90% of isolates are inhibited were 0.5 μg/ml for S. pneumoniae, 1 μg/ml for H. influenzae, and 0.5 μg/ml for M. catarrhalis, suggesting that faropenem shows promise as a treatment option for respiratory infections caused by contemporary resistant phenotypes.

scholarly journals Decreasing Prevalence of β-Lactamase Production among Respiratory Tract Isolates of Haemophilus influenzae in the United States

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 2561-2564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kris P. Heilmann ◽  
Cassie L. Rice ◽  
Ashley L. Miller ◽  
Norma J. Miller ◽  
Susan E. Beekmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Surveys ◽  
Medical Centers ◽  
Tract Infections

ABSTRACT A total of 986 isolates of Haemophilus influenzae from patients with respiratory tract infections in 45 United States medical centers were characterized during the winter of 2002-2003. β-Lactamase production was noted with 26.2% of isolates; 14.6% were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Resistance to other relevant antimicrobial agents was extremely uncommon. In comparison to the results of four previous national surveys conducted since 1994, the prevalence of β-lactamase production with this pathogen appears to be decreasing.

scholarly journals Pathogenesis and Transmission of Genetically Diverse Swine-Origin H3N2 Variant Influenza A Viruses from Multiple Lineages Isolated in the United States, 2011–2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 (16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangjie Sun ◽  
Joanna A. Pulit-Penaloza ◽  
Jessica A. Belser ◽  
Claudia Pappas ◽  
Melissa B. Pearce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Seasonal Influenza ◽  
The United States ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Pandemic Preparedness

ABSTRACTWhile several swine-origin influenza A H3N2 variant (H3N2v) viruses isolated from humans prior to 2011 have been previously characterized for their virulence and transmissibility in ferrets, the recent genetic and antigenic divergence of H3N2v viruses warrants an updated assessment of their pandemic potential. Here, four contemporary H3N2v viruses isolated during 2011 to 2016 were evaluated for their replicative ability in bothin vitroandin vivoin mammalian models as well as their transmissibility among ferrets. We found that all four H3N2v viruses possessed similar or enhanced replication capacities in a human bronchial epithelium cell line (Calu-3) compared to a human seasonal influenza virus, suggestive of strong fitness in human respiratory tract cells. The majority of H3N2v viruses examined in our study were mildly virulent in mice and capable of replicating in mouse lungs with different degrees of efficiency. In ferrets, all four H3N2v viruses caused moderate morbidity and exhibited comparable titers in the upper respiratory tract, but only 2 of the 4 viruses replicated in the lower respiratory tract in this model. Furthermore, despite efficient transmission among cohoused ferrets, recently isolated H3N2v viruses displayed considerable variance in their ability to transmit by respiratory droplets. The lack of a full understanding of the molecular correlates of virulence and transmission underscores the need for close genotypic and phenotypic monitoring of H3N2v viruses and the importance of continued surveillance to improve pandemic preparedness.IMPORTANCESwine-origin influenza viruses of the H3N2 subtype, with the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) derived from historic human seasonal influenza viruses, continue to cross species barriers and cause human infections, posing an indelible threat to public health. To help us better understand the potential risk associated with swine-origin H3N2v viruses that emerged in the United States during the 2011-2016 influenza seasons, we use bothin vitroandin vivomodels to characterize the abilities of these viruses to replicate, cause disease, and transmit in mammalian hosts. The efficient respiratory droplet transmission exhibited by some of the H3N2v viruses in the ferret model combined with the existing evidence of low immunity against such viruses in young children and older adults highlight their pandemic potential. Extensive surveillance and risk assessment of H3N2v viruses should continue to be an essential component of our pandemic preparedness strategy.

Respiratory Viral Infections

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Ison
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
The United States ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
The World ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Infection Respiratory Tract

The respiratory tract can be infected by a diverse group of viruses that produce syndromes ranging in severity from mild colds to fulminant pneumonias. Respiratory viral infections are a leading cause of morbidity, hospitalization, and mortality throughout the world; influenza and pneumonia were the most prevalent infectious causes of death during the 20th century in the United States. This review contains 8 figures, 26 tables and 87 references. Keywords: Virus, infection, respiratory tract, antiviral, pneumonia, croup, pharyngitis, epidemic, pandemic, outbreak

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