Are Chinese Correlative Conjunctions Psychologically Real? An Investigation of the Combination Frequency Effect

2016 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-123
Author(s):  
Lingyue Kong ◽  
John X. Zhang ◽  
Yongwei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Mental Lexicon ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Combination Frequency ◽  
Grammaticality Judgment ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Combination Frequencies

The present study used an online grammaticality judgment task to examine whether Chinese discontinuous correlative conjunctions are psychologically real in mental lexicon. High- and low-frequency discontinuous correlative conjunctions were compared with random combinations differing in combination frequencies but matched for constituent word frequency. Forty graduate students participated in the study. Results showed that responses were faster and more accurate for high-frequency correlative conjunctions than low-frequency ones, but the effects were absent for random combinations. The results indicate that Chinese discontinuous correlative conjunctions have psychological reality in mental lexicon in addition to the representation of their constituent words, and that grammatical functions of correlative conjunctions may be a critical factor for the formation of such holistic representations.

Nonword repetition and levels of abstraction in phonological knowledge

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Munson
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Nonword Repetition ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Restriction Of Range

Susan Gathercole's Keynote Article (2006) is an impressive summary of the literature on nonword repetition and its relationship to word learning and vocabulary size. When considering research by Mary Beckman, Jan Edwards, and myself, Gathercole speculates that our finding of a stronger relationship between vocabulary measures and repetition accuracy for low-frequency sequences than for high-frequency sequences is due to differences in the range of the two measures. In our work on diphone repetition (e.g., Edwards, Beckman, & Munson, 2004; Munson, Edwards, & Beckman, 2005) we tried to increase the range in our dependent measures by coding errors on a finer grained scale than simple correct/incorrect scoring would allow. Moreover, restriction of range does not appear to be the driving factor in the relationship between vocabulary size and the difference between high- and low-frequency sequence repetition accuracy (what we call the frequency effect) in at least one of our studies (Munson et al., 2005). When the children with the 50 lowest mean accuracy scores for high-frequency sequences were examined, vocabulary size accounted for 10.5% of the variance in the frequency effect beyond what was accounted for by chronological age. When the 50 children with the highest mean accuracy scores for high-frequency sequences were examined (a group in which the range of high-frequency accuracy scores was more compressed, arguably reflecting ceiling effects), an estimate of vocabulary size accounted for only 6.9% of the frequency effect beyond chronological age. The associated β coefficient was significant only at the α<0.08 level. This is the opposite pattern than Gathercole's argument would predict.

Numerical simulation of active separation control by a synthetic jet

2007 ◽  
Vol 574 ◽  
pp. 25-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
JULIEN DANDOIS ◽  
ERIC GARNIER ◽  
PIERRE SAGAUT
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Velocity Ratio ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Separated Flow ◽  
Synthetic Jet ◽  
Frequency Separation ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Stream Velocity ◽  
Mean Velocity

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) and large-eddy simulation (LES) are carried out to investigate the frequency effect of zero-net-mass-flux forcing (synthetic jet) on a generic separated flow. The selected test case is a rounded ramp at a Reynolds number based on the step height of 28 275. The incoming boundary layer is fully turbulent withRθ=1410. The whole flow in the synthetic jet cavity is computed to ensure an accurate description of the actuator effect on the flow field. In a first step, DNS is used to validate LES of this particular flow. In a second step, the effect of a synthetic jet at two reduced frequencies of 0.5 and 4 (based on the separation length of the uncontrolled case and the free-stream velocity) is investigated using LES. It is demonstrated that, with a proper choice of the oscillating frequency, separation can be drastically reduced for a velocity ratio between the jet and the flow lower than one. The low frequency is close to the natural vortex shedding frequency. Two different modes of the synthetic jet have been identified. Avorticity-dominated modeis observed in the low-frequency forcing case for which the separation length is reduced by 54%, while anacoustic-dominated modeis identified in the high-frequency forcing case for which the separation length is increased by 43%. The decrease of the separation length in the low-frequency forcing case is correlated with an increase of the turbulent kinetic energy level and consequently with an increase of the entrainment in the separated zone. A linear inviscid stability analysis shows that the increase of the separation length in the high-frequency forcing case is due to a modification of the mean velocity profile suggested by Stanek and coworkers. The result is a lower amplification of the perturbations and consequently, a lower entrainment into the mixing layer. To our knowledge, it is the first time that Stanek's hypothesis has been assessed, thanks to numerical simulations of fully turbulent flow.

scholarly journals The Word Frequency Effect in Word Processing: An Updated Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Brysbaert ◽  
Paweł Mandera ◽  
Emmanuel Keuleers
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Word Frequency Effect ◽  
Frequency Measure ◽  
Language Exposure ◽  
High Frequency Words

The word frequency effect refers to the observation that high-frequency words are processed more efficiently than low-frequency words. Although the effect was first described over 80 years ago, in recent years it has been investigated in more detail. It has become clear that considerable quality differences exist between frequency estimates and that we need a new standardized frequency measure that does not mislead users. Research also points to consistent individual differences in the word frequency effect, meaning that the effect will be present at different word frequency ranges for people with different degrees of language exposure. Finally, a few ongoing developments point to the importance of semantic diversity rather than mere differences in the number of times words have been encountered and to the importance of taking into account word prevalence in addition to word frequency.

scholarly journals ROC Modelling Data of the Word Frequency Effect: A Formal Model of Visual Word Recognition

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Manuel Pelegrina del Río ◽  
Agustín Wallace Ruiz ◽  
Maria Concepcion ◽  
Moreno Fernandez ◽  
Alvaro Pelegrina Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Signal Detection Theory ◽  
Formal Model ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Word Frequency Effect

This article presents a formal statistical model for assessing the word frequency effect in recognition memory. This topic is relevant because word frequency is the best predictor of performance in recognition memory tasks. Signal Detection Theory was applied using high-frequency and low-frequency words as item-signals. Signal Detection Theory test assumes orthogonality of responses: hits, false alarms, correct rejections, and incorrect rejections. Ninety-six adult male and female students participated in two experiments: one conducted in the laboratory and the other in the class-room. The selected words for memory contained 3 to 5 letters and 1 or 2 syllables to control for length. Significant differences were found between high-frequency and low-frequency words in the number of false alarms for the two experiments. The differences were statistically significant in two experiments. The Cohen effect size was 0.6 and 0.45 respectively. The word frequency effect in first- and second-experiments was F (1, 46) = 4.13, MCE. = 2.34, p = 0.003 and F (1, 46) = 3.71, MCE. = 12.36, p = 0. 01 respectively. A formal model is presented based on the Receiver Operating Characteristic data to assess data trends for high- and low frequency words. Two differentiated models were obtained: a continuous model based on high frequency stimuli and a threshold model based on low frequency stimuli.

scholarly journals (No) competition between deverbal nouns and nominalized infinitives in Spanish

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-283
Author(s):  
Barbara Schirakowski
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Argument Realization ◽  
Transitive Verbs ◽  
Corpus Data

This paper explores the distribution of deverbal nouns and nominalized infinitives that are built on transitive verbs and occur in eventive interpretations. The study is empirically oriented and based on an acceptability judgment experiment in which argument realization and interpretational possibilities are manipulated as the independent variables. The results show that deverbal nouns prefer but are not limited to realizing the lower argument of the base, whereas nominalized infinitives are mostly restricted to realizing the higher argument. Furthermore, deverbal nouns turn out to be insensitive with regard to the distinction between episodic and generic event readings, while nominalized infinitives are shown to be specialized on generic interpretations. Deverbal nouns and nominalized infinitives are, thus, mostly neither paradigmatically interchangeable nor complementarily distributed as nominalized infinitives reach the same degree of acceptability as deverbal nouns only under very narrow conditions. With regard to the ecological validity of the experimental approach, a comparison to corpus data indicates that high frequency clearly correlates with acceptability, but that the same does not hold for low frequency and unacceptability, that is forms that are not (sufficiently) attested in the corpus do not necessarily receive low ratings within the judgment task. The study, thus, also addresses a number of methodological issues in the study of event nominals.

scholarly journals Optogenetic activation of Gq signaling in astrocytes yields stimulation-specific effects on basal hippocampal synaptic excitation and inhibition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Connor D Courtney ◽  
Courtney Sobieski ◽  
Charu Ramakrishnan ◽  
Robbie J Ingram ◽  
Natalia M Wojnowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Viral Vector ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Synaptic Activity ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
High Frequency Stimulation ◽  
Light Stimulation ◽  
Synaptic Excitation ◽  
Frequency Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

Astrocytes play active roles at synapses and can monitor, respond, and adapt to local synaptic activity. Although there is growing evidence that astrocytes modulate synaptic excitation, the extent to which astrocytes modulate inhibition remains unknown. Additionally, tools that can selectively activate native G protein signaling pathways in astrocytes with both spatial and temporal precision are needed. Here, we present AAV8-GFAP-Optoα1AR-eYFP (Optoα1AR), an astrocyte-specific viral vector that activates the Gq-mediated intracellular cascade via light-sensitive α1-adrenergic receptors. To determine if stimulation of Optoα1AR in astrocytes modulates hippocampal synaptic transmission, whole-cell recordings were made in CA1 pyramidal cells in slices with surrounding astrocytes expressing either Optoα1AR, channelrhodopsin (ChR2), or control green fluorescent protein (GFP). CA1 astrocytes were exposed to either low-frequency (0.5 Hz, 1-s pulses at increasing 1, 5, and 10 mW intensities, 90 s/intensity) or high-frequency (20 Hz, 45-ms light pulses, 5 mW, 5 min) blue light stimulation. Low-frequency stimulation of astrocytic Optoα1AR was insufficient to modulate the frequency or strength of either inhibitory or excitatory spontaneous postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs/sEPSCs), whereas the same stimulation of astrocytic ChR2 produced increases in sIPSC frequency and sEPSC frequency and amplitude. By contrast, 20 Hz stimulation of astrocytic Optoα1AR increased frequency of both miniature IPSCs and EPSCs, and the miniature IPSC frequency effect was largely reversible within 20 min after light stimulation. These data demonstrate that Optoα1AR activation in astrocytes changes basal GABAergic and glutamatergic transmission but only following high-frequency stimulation, highlighting the importance of temporal dynamics when using optical tools to manipulate astrocyte function.

Novelty, Recency and Frequency Effects on Visual Recognition and Pseudo-Recognition Thresholds

1972 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 847-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra W. Pyke
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Recent Experience ◽  
Frequency Effects ◽  
Frequency Responses ◽  
Competing Responses ◽  
High Frequency Words

Two experiments were conducted to compare the effects of word novelty, recency of experience and frequency on traditional visual recognition and pseudo-recognition thresholds. High-frequency words had lower thresholds but in the absence of tachistoscopic information (pseudo-recognition), the frequency effect disappeared. Recent experience with the test words produced lower thresholds in both studies, as compared with thresholds for less recently experienced words. A significant interaction between novelty and frequency occurred in both studies. Novelty reduced thresholds for low-frequency stimuli but increased thresholds for high-frequency words. It was argued that effects of recency and novelty are more apparent in the pseudo-recognition situation because there is no interference from tachistoscopic fragments. High-frequency competing responses are less likely and novel low-frequency responses have a greater probability of emission.

scholarly journals Independent Distractor Frequency and Age-of-Acquisition Effects in Picture–Word Interference: fMRI Evidence for Post-lexical and Lexical Accounts according to Distractor Type

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 482-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greig I. de Zubicaray ◽  
Michele Miozzo ◽  
Kori Johnson ◽  
Niels O. Schiller ◽  
Katie L. McMahon
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Age Of Acquisition ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Phonological Word ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Effect Experiment ◽  
Left Middle

In two fMRI experiments, participants named pictures with superimposed distractors that were high or low in frequency or varied in terms of age of acquisition. Pictures superimposed with low-frequency words were named more slowly than those superimposed with high-frequency words, and late-acquired words interfered with picture naming to a greater extent than early-acquired words. The distractor frequency effect (Experiment 1) was associated with increased activity in left premotor and posterior superior temporal cortices, consistent with the operation of an articulatory response buffer and verbal self-monitoring system. Conversely, the distractor age-of-acquisition effect (Experiment 2) was associated with increased activity in the left middle and posterior middle temporal cortex, consistent with the operation of lexical level processes such as lemma and phonological word form retrieval. The spatially dissociated patterns of activity across the two experiments indicate that distractor effects in picture–word interference may occur at lexical or postlexical levels of processing in speech production.

scholarly journals Memory resources recover gradually over time: The effects of word-frequency, presentation rate and list-composition on binding errors and mnemonic precision in source memory

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vencislav Popov ◽  
Matthew So ◽  
Lynne Reder
Keyword(s):  
Word Frequency ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Continuous Distribution ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Presentation Rate ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Word Frequency Effect ◽  
Reproduction Task ◽  
Memory Precision ◽  
Over Time

Normative word frequency has played a key role in the study of human memory, but there is little agreement as to the mechanism responsible for its effects. To determine whether word frequency affects binding probability or memory precision, we used a continuous reproduction task to examine working memory for spatial positions of words. In three experiments, after studying a list of five words, participants had to report the spatial location of one of them on a circle. Across experiments we varied word frequency, presentation rate and the proportion of low frequency words on each trial. A mixture model dissociated memory precision, binding failure and guessing rate parameters from the continuous distribution of errors. On trials that contained only low- or only high-frequency words, low-frequency words lead to a greater degree of error in recalling the associated location. This was due to a higher word-location binding failure and not due to differences in memory precision or guessing rates. Slowing down the presentation rate eliminated the word frequency effect by reducing binding failures for low-frequency words. Mixing frequencies in a single trial hurt high-frequency and helped low-frequency words. These findings support the idea that word frequency can lead to both positive and negative mnemonic effects depending on a trade-off between a HF encoding advantage and a LF retrieval cue advantage. We suggest that 1) low-frequency words require more resources for binding, 2) that these resources recover gradually over time, and that 3) binding fails when these resources are insufficient.

Effects of verb–construction association on second language constructional generalizations in production and comprehension

2020 ◽  
pp. 026765832093262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min-Chang Sung ◽  
Hyunwoo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Argument Structure ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Association Strength ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Resultative Constructions ◽  
Learner Corpus ◽  
L2 Learners

How strongly a verb is associated with a construction plays a crucial role in the learning of argument structure constructions. We examined the effect of verb–construction association strength on second language (L2) constructional generalization by analysing L2 learners’ production and comprehension of two complex constructions (i.e. ditransitive and resultative), comparable in constructional complexity and input frequency but distinctive in verb–construction association. Using a learner corpus study, we found greater verbal usage variability in the production of ditransitive rather than resultative constructions. The results of an acceptability judgment task indicated that L2 learners accepted the ditransitive sentences regardless of whether they contained high-frequency or low-frequency verbs, but learners were more likely to accept the resultative sentences when they read high-frequency rather than low-frequency verbs. These findings suggest that verb–construction association affects the learning of argument structure constructions, supporting its contribution to the constructional generalization.

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