Novelty, Recency and Frequency Effects on Visual Recognition and Pseudo-Recognition Thresholds

1972 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 847-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra W. Pyke
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Recent Experience ◽  
Frequency Effects ◽  
Frequency Responses ◽  
Competing Responses ◽  
High Frequency Words

Two experiments were conducted to compare the effects of word novelty, recency of experience and frequency on traditional visual recognition and pseudo-recognition thresholds. High-frequency words had lower thresholds but in the absence of tachistoscopic information (pseudo-recognition), the frequency effect disappeared. Recent experience with the test words produced lower thresholds in both studies, as compared with thresholds for less recently experienced words. A significant interaction between novelty and frequency occurred in both studies. Novelty reduced thresholds for low-frequency stimuli but increased thresholds for high-frequency words. It was argued that effects of recency and novelty are more apparent in the pseudo-recognition situation because there is no interference from tachistoscopic fragments. High-frequency competing responses are less likely and novel low-frequency responses have a greater probability of emission.

Real Ear Sound Pressure Levels Developed by Three Portable Stereo System Earphones

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 52-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail L. MacLean ◽  
Andrew Stuart ◽  
Robert Stenstrom
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Test System ◽  
Output Frequency ◽  
Frequency Effects ◽  
Adult Men ◽  
Frequency Responses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sound Pressure Levels

Differences in real ear sound pressure levels (SPLs) with three portable stereo system (PSS) earphones (supraaural [Sony Model MDR-44], semiaural [Sony Model MDR-A15L], and insert [Sony Model MDR-E225]) were investigated. Twelve adult men served as subjects. Frequency response, high frequency average (HFA) output, peak output, peak output frequency, and overall RMS output for each PSS earphone were obtained with a probe tube microphone system (Fonix 6500 Hearing Aid Test System). Results indicated a significant difference in mean RMS outputs with nonsignificant differences in mean HFA outputs, peak outputs, and peak output frequencies among PSS earphones. Differences in mean overall RMS outputs were attributed to differences in low-frequency effects that were observed among the frequency responses of the three PSS earphones. It is suggested that one cannot assume equivalent real ear SPLs, with equivalent inputs, among different styles of PSS earphones.

scholarly journals The Word Frequency Effect in Word Processing: An Updated Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Brysbaert ◽  
Paweł Mandera ◽  
Emmanuel Keuleers
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Word Frequency Effect ◽  
Frequency Measure ◽  
Language Exposure ◽  
High Frequency Words

The word frequency effect refers to the observation that high-frequency words are processed more efficiently than low-frequency words. Although the effect was first described over 80 years ago, in recent years it has been investigated in more detail. It has become clear that considerable quality differences exist between frequency estimates and that we need a new standardized frequency measure that does not mislead users. Research also points to consistent individual differences in the word frequency effect, meaning that the effect will be present at different word frequency ranges for people with different degrees of language exposure. Finally, a few ongoing developments point to the importance of semantic diversity rather than mere differences in the number of times words have been encountered and to the importance of taking into account word prevalence in addition to word frequency.

Base word Frequency and Pseudohomophone Naming

1996 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 1044-1061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris M. Herdman ◽  
Jo-Anne LeFevre ◽  
Stephanie L. Greenham
Keyword(s):  
Word Frequency ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Base Word ◽  
Phonological Coding ◽  
Frequency Effects ◽  
Lexical Representations ◽  
Frequency Group ◽  
Whole Word

The advantage of naming pseudohomophones over non-pseudohomophones has been interpreted as reflecting the contribution of whole-word lexical representations in phonological coding. A whole-word interpretation was further supported by Taft and Russell (1992), who reported a pseudohomophone frequency effect such that pseudohomophones were named faster if they corresponded to high- than to low-frequency base-words (e.g. poast vs. hoast). Experiment 1 replicated this pseudohomophone frequency effect using the Taft and Russell items. Further analyses showed, however, that the pseudohomophones in Taft and Russell's high-frequency group were more orthographically similar to words than the pseudohomophones in the low-frequency group. These differences in orthography may have been the cause of the “frequency” effects. In Experiment 2, a new set of high- and low-frequency pseudohomophones was constructed that were matched on orthographic factors (i.e. SPBF and N). With these items, a standard pseudohomophone advantage was found such that pseudohomophones were named faster and more accurately than non-pseudohomophones. However, in contrast to Taft and Russell's results, pseudohomophone naming was not related to base-word frequency. We conclude that the pseudohomophone advantage occurs at a postlexical stage in non-word naming.

scholarly journals Frequency effects on the vowel length contrast merger in Seoul Korean

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoonjung Kang ◽  
Tae-Jin Yoon ◽  
Sungwoo Han
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Sound Change ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Vowel Duration ◽  
Speech Corpus ◽  
Vowel Length ◽  
On Line ◽  
High Frequency Words

AbstractThis paper presents an apparent-time study of the vowel length contrast merger in Seoul Korean based on duration measurements of over 370,000 vowels in word-initial syllables in a read-speech corpus. The effects of word frequency on vowel duration and the lexical diffusion of long-vowel shortening are also examined. The findings confirm the observation made in the previous literature that the vowel length contrast is on its way out in the language, and that this sound change is nearing completion. We also find a significant effect of frequency on long-vowel duration: other things being equal, these vowels are shorter in high-frequency words than in low-frequency words. The rate of change does not differ significantly depending on the frequency of words apart from the high-frequency words reaching the endpoint of change and bottoming out in the change earlier than mid- and low-frequency words. The observed frequency effect is compatible with a model in which the frequency effect on duration comes from on-line factors that affect phonetic implementation of speech sounds, along with an across-the-board lenition bias that drives the sound change, not from stored tokens of word-specific variants.

scholarly journals An ultrasound study of frequency and co-articulation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Motoki Saito ◽  
Fabian Tomaschek ◽  
Harald Baayen
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Ultrasound Images ◽  
Word Form ◽  
Contour Analysis ◽  
Ultrasound Study ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
High Frequency Words

Anticipatory coarticulation has been reported to be affected by word form frequency. However, it remains unclear whether frequency effect also modulates carry-over (perseverative) coarticulation. To investigate the interaction of word form frequency effect and carry-over/anticipatory coarticulations, ultrasound imaging was performed on the articulation of the vowel [a:] in German verbs. Effects of coarticulation were induced by controlling the verb’s suffixes and preceding pronouns. Contrary to the standard tongue contour analysis, we analyzed whole ultrasound images using Generalized Additive Models. We found more fronted tongue root, lower tongue body, and higher tongue tip in low-frequency words. By contrast, high-frequency words showed a more rounded tongue shape. This was reflected by the middle part of the tongue to be higher and the tongue root more retracted in high frequency words in comparison to low frequency words. These findings indicate more optimized tongue movements for higher frequency words.

scholarly journals The item/order account of word frequency effects: Evidence from serial order tests

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Neath ◽  
Philip T. Quinlan
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Serial Order ◽  
Order Effect ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Order Information ◽  
Item Order ◽  
High Frequency Words

AbstractAccording to the item/order hypothesis, high-frequency words are processed more efficiently and therefore order information can be readily encoded. In contrast, low-frequency words are processed less efficiently and the focus on item-specific processing compromises order information. Most experiments testing this account use free recall, which has led to two problems: First, the role of order information is difficult to evaluate in free recall, and second, the data from free recall show all three possible patterns of results: memory for high-frequency words can be better than, the same as, or worse than that for low-frequency words. A series of experiments tested the item/order hypothesis using tests where the role of order information is less ambiguous. The item/order hypothesis predicts better performance for high- than low-frequency words when pure lists are used in both immediate serial recall (ISR) and serial reconstruction of order (SRO) tests. In contrast, when mixed (alternating) lists are used, it predicts better performance for low- than for high-frequency words with ISR tests, but equivalent performance with SRO tests. The experiments generally confirm these predictions, with the notable exception of a block order effect in SRO tasks: When a block of low-frequency lists preceded a block of high-frequency lists, a high-frequency advantage was observed but when a block of high-frequency lists preceded a block of low-frequency lists, no frequency effect was observed. A final experiment provides evidence that this block order effect is due to metacognitive factors.

Experience Matters

2020 ◽  
Vol 228 (4) ◽  
pp. 254-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro S. Mendes ◽  
Karlos Luna ◽  
Pedro B. Albuquerque
Keyword(s):  
Word Frequency ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Recall Test ◽  
Judgments Of Learning ◽  
Direct Experience ◽  
Frequency Effects ◽  
Actual Frequency ◽  
Actual Word ◽  
High Frequency Words

Abstract. The present study tested if word frequency effects on judgments of learning (JOLs) are exclusively due to beliefs or if the direct experience with the items also plays a role. Across four experiments, participants read prompts about the frequency of the words (high/low), which could be congruent/incongruent with the words’ actual frequency. They made pre-study JOLs (except Experiment 1b), immediate JOLs, and completed a recall test. If experience drives the effect, JOLs should be based on actual word frequency rather than the prompts. Results showed higher pre-study JOLs for prompts of high frequency, but higher immediate JOLs for high-frequency words regardless of the prompt, suggesting an effect of direct experience with the words. In Experiments 2 and 3, we manipulated participants’ beliefs, finding a small effect of beliefs on JOLs. We conclude that, regarding word frequency, direct experience with the items seems more relevant than beliefs when making immediate JOLs.

A Longitudinal Study of the Effects of Word Frequency and Rime-Neighborhood Size on Beginning Readers' Rime Reading Accuracy in Words and Nonwords

2002 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Anne Calhoon ◽  
Lauren Leslie
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
Word Learning ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Beginning Readers ◽  
Developmental Model ◽  
Neighborhood Size ◽  
Reading Accuracy ◽  
High Frequency Words

Beginning readers' rime reading accuracy was assessed over three years to examine the influence of word frequency and rime-neighborhood size (the number of single syllable words with the same rime) on words presented in lists and stories. Twenty-seven 1st- and 2nd- grade students read 54 words and 27 nonwords containing rimes from different size neighborhoods. In Year 1, children showed effects of neighborhood size in high frequency words read in stories and in low frequency words read in lists and stories. In Year 2, rimes from large neighborhoods were read more accurately than rimes from medium and small neighborhoods in high- and low-frequency words. In Year 3, no effects of rime-neighborhood size were found for high-frequency words, but effects on low-frequency words continued. These results support Leslie and Calhoon's (1995) developmental model of the effects of rime-neighborhood size and word frequency as a function of higher levels of word learning.

PHONOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR EXEMPLAR STORAGE OF MULTIWORD SEQUENCES

2002 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Bybee
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Phonetic Variation ◽  
Word Boundaries ◽  
High Frequency Words

Phonological evidence supports the frequency-based model proposed in the article by Nick Ellis. Phonological reduction occurs earlier and to a greater extent in high-frequency words and phrases than in low-frequency ones. A model that accounts for this effect needs both an exemplar representation to show phonetic variation and the ability to represent multiword combinations. The maintenance of alternations conditioned by word boundaries, such as French liaison, also provides evidence that multiword sequences are stored and can accrue representational strength. The reorganization of phonetic exemplars in favor of the more frequent types provides evidence for some abstraction in categories beyond the simple registration of tokens of experience.

Nonword repetition and levels of abstraction in phonological knowledge

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Munson
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Nonword Repetition ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Restriction Of Range

Susan Gathercole's Keynote Article (2006) is an impressive summary of the literature on nonword repetition and its relationship to word learning and vocabulary size. When considering research by Mary Beckman, Jan Edwards, and myself, Gathercole speculates that our finding of a stronger relationship between vocabulary measures and repetition accuracy for low-frequency sequences than for high-frequency sequences is due to differences in the range of the two measures. In our work on diphone repetition (e.g., Edwards, Beckman, & Munson, 2004; Munson, Edwards, & Beckman, 2005) we tried to increase the range in our dependent measures by coding errors on a finer grained scale than simple correct/incorrect scoring would allow. Moreover, restriction of range does not appear to be the driving factor in the relationship between vocabulary size and the difference between high- and low-frequency sequence repetition accuracy (what we call the frequency effect) in at least one of our studies (Munson et al., 2005). When the children with the 50 lowest mean accuracy scores for high-frequency sequences were examined, vocabulary size accounted for 10.5% of the variance in the frequency effect beyond what was accounted for by chronological age. When the 50 children with the highest mean accuracy scores for high-frequency sequences were examined (a group in which the range of high-frequency accuracy scores was more compressed, arguably reflecting ceiling effects), an estimate of vocabulary size accounted for only 6.9% of the frequency effect beyond chronological age. The associated β coefficient was significant only at the α<0.08 level. This is the opposite pattern than Gathercole's argument would predict.

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