The Serum Half-Life and Urine Concentrations of Cephazolin Sodium in Patients with Terminal Renal Failure: Effect of Haemodialysis

1975 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 240-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Eastwood ◽  
P. E. Gower ◽  
J. R. Curtis
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Dosage Schedule ◽  
Dialysis Patients ◽  
Maintenance Haemodialysis ◽  
Terminal Renal Failure ◽  
Percentage Recovery ◽  
Urine Concentrations ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Plasma Half Life

The serum and plasma half-life of cephazolin has been determined in 5 maintenance haemodialysis patients during a non-dialysis period and then again in the same patients during haemodialysis with a Meltec Maxi-Multipoint dialyser using cuprophane membranes. The mean half-life during the non-dialysis period was 28.3 hours and fell to a mean of 4.97 hours during haemodialysis. Percentage recovery of cephazolin in the urine was markedly reduced in 4 maintenance dialysis patients although adequate urine concentrations of cephazolin were achieved for many sensitive organisms. A dosage schedule for patients with creatinine clearances of less than 5 ml. per minute and for maintenance haemodialysis patients is suggested.

Plasma 25-Hydroxy-Vitamin D in Normal Subjects and Patients with Terminal Renal Failure, on Maintenance Haemodialysis and after Transplantation

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 473-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Eastwood ◽  
A. Daly ◽  
G. D. Carter ◽  
J. Alaghband-Zadeh ◽  
H. E. De Wardener
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Renal Failure ◽  
Renal Transplant ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Maintenance Haemodialysis ◽  
Terminal Renal Failure ◽  
Transplant Patients ◽  
25 Hydroxy Vitamin D ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Renal Transplant Patients

1. Plasma 25-hydroxy-vitamin D concentration was measured in 40 normal subjects, 19 patients with terminal renal failure, 137 patients who had been on dialysis up to 11 years and in 17 renal transplant patients. 2. The mean plasma concentration of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D was below normal in patients with terminal renal failure and in patients who had been on maintenance haemodialysis for less than 1 year. The mean concentration in patients who had been on dialysis for more than 1 year and in renal transplant patients was normal. 3. The seasonal variation of plasma 25-hydroxy-vitamin D concentration found in the 58 patients on maintenance haemodialysis for more than 2 years is similar to that reported in normal subjects.

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetics of Once Daily Intraperitoneal Cefazolin in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Patients

2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1117-1121
Author(s):  
CHAI LUAN LOW ◽  
KAMANI GOPALAKRISHNA ◽  
WAI CHOONG LYE
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Dialysis Patients ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Cefazolin Sodium ◽  
Plasma Half Life

Abstract. This study determined the pharmacokinetic characteristics of once daily intraperitoneal (IP) cefazolin in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. Each of the 10 volunteer CAPD patients without active peritonitis received a single IP dose of 1 g of cefazolin sodium for a 6-h dwell. All patients underwent a fixed CAPD regimen comprising a first 6-h dwell followed by two 3-h dwells and a final 12-h overnight dwell. Blood and dialysate samples were collected at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6 (end of first dwell), and 24 h after the administration of IP cefazolin. Any urine produced was collected over the 24-h study period. A validated HPLC method was used to analyze cefazolin in plasma, dialysate, and urine. The bioavailability was found to be 77.9 ± 3.1%, volume of distribution 0.20 ± 0.05 L/kg, and plasma half-life 39.9 ± 25.4 h. Mean total, renal, and peritoneal clearances were 4.5 ± 2.3, 1.4 ± 1.1, and 3.5 ± 1.8 ml/min, respectively. Mean plasma and dialysate concentrations at 24 h were 42.8 ± 14.3 and 31.8 ± 11.7 mcg/ml, respectively, well above the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of susceptible organisms. A once daily IP cefazolin dose of 500 mg/L gave desirable pharmacokinetic attributes for use as a suitable alternative to vancomycin for empiric treatment of CAPD-associated peritonitis.

Loss of Metacarpal and Iliac Bone in Chronic Renal Failure: Influence of Haemodialysis, Parathyroid Activity, Type of Renal Disease, Physical Activity and Heparin Consumption

1979 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Henderson ◽  
R. G. G. Russell ◽  
M. J. Earnshaw ◽  
J. G. G. Ledingham ◽  
D. O. Oliver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Renal Failure ◽  
Chronic Renal Failure ◽  
Bone Loss ◽  
Renal Disease ◽  
Dietary Calcium Intake ◽  
Bone Area ◽  
Maintenance Haemodialysis ◽  
Bone Biopsies ◽  
The Mean

1. Bone loss was assessed by measurement of cortical thickness of metacarpal bone by X-ray and of trabecular bone area in serial bone biopsies in 49 patients with chronic renal failure, six before and 45 during maintenance haemodialysis treatment. 2. Metacarpal cortical measurements (MCM) were very reproducible (coefficient of variation 1·95%), whereas bone area measurements by histology showed great variability. There was no correlation between rates of change of MCM and bone area over the same period, although both tended to fall with time. 3. The mean annual rate of bone loss measured by MCM for patients on dialysis was 2·08 ± 0·32 mm/year (mean ±1 sem) and this rate was not significantly different from the mean rate of loss of 2·49 ± 0·78 mm/year for the six patients who were not on maintenance haemodialysis. 61% of all patients showed a significant decrease during the period of study (1–6 years), but none had symptoms attributable to bone loss. 4. The loss tended to be greatest in women over the age of 40 years. The initial amount of bone and the rate of loss measured by MCM or bone histology were not influenced significantly by the presence or absence of histological or radiological evidence of parathyroid overactivity or of osteomalacia, nor by differences in the causes of renal disease. 5. Loss of metacarpal cortical bone correlated with heparin consumption during haemodialysis in men but not in women. The amount of bone and its rate of loss was not influenced by the presence of an arteriovenous shunt in one arm compared with the other. In neither sex did bone loss correlate with physical activity. 6. A relative deficiency of calcium due to a low dietary calcium intake and intestinal malabsorption of calcium, together with a dialysate calcium of only 1·5 mmol/l, may be more important causes of bone loss in patients in this study.

The Effect of Brassica Vegetable Consumption on Caffeine Metabolism in Humans

1992 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.E. McDanell ◽  
L.A. Henderson ◽  
K. Russell ◽  
A.E.M. McLean
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Vegetable Consumption ◽  
Interindividual Variation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Brassica Vegetables ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Caffeine Metabolism ◽  
Brassica Vegetable ◽  
Plasma Half Life

Ten healthy volunteers were used in two studies investigating the effect of short-term Brassica consumption on caffeine metabolism. In the first study volunteers were given three Brassica-containing meals, the last one 3 h prior to caffeine administration. In the second study volunteers were given two Brassica-containing meals and then fasted overnight before caffeine administration. In both studies the mean plasma half-life of caffeine was reduced by approximately 20% following a Brassica diet, suggesting that Brassica vegetables stimulate caffeine metabolism. When caffeine was given 3 h after the last meal, plasma caffeine concentrations over 6 h, were increased by up to 27% on the Brassica diet compared to controls. This may be due to a transient increased permeability of the intestine to caffeine, immediately following Brassica consumption. This effect was not seen in the second study where there was a 12-h period between the last meal and caffeine administration. There was large interindividual variation in the effect of the Brassica diet on caffeine metabolism.

ROLE OF THE KIDNEY IN THE METABOLISM OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE

1973 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. de KRETSER ◽  
R. C. ATKINS ◽  
C. A. PAULSEN
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Renal Excretion ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Deae Cellulose ◽  
Proximal Convoluted Tubule ◽  
Bilateral Oophorectomy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Plasma Half Life

SUMMARY Autoradiographic localization of 125I-labelled luteinizing hormone (LH) in the renal proximal convoluted tubule of rats initiated a study of the role of the kidney in the metabolism of LH. Incubation of 131I-labelled LH with rat renal homogenates for 90 min failed to destroy its immunological reactivity. The plasma half-life of 131I-labelled LH injected i.v. was investigated in normal ewes and rams. Preliminary studies indicated that the use of a preparation containing a high proportion of 'damaged' iodinated hormone could erroneously prolong the plasma half-life. Before use, 131I-labelled LH was purified by gel filtration and column chromatography using DEAE-cellulose. The mean plasma half-life of 131I-labelled LH in normal ewes was 26·7 min and was not significantly altered after oophorectomy (31·1 min). After bilateral oophorectomy and nephrectomy, marked prolongation of the plasma half-life was observed (mean 70·7 min). In normal rams, mean plasma half-life of 131I-labelled LH was 32·0 min, after orchidectomy 44·0 min and after orchidectomy and nephrectomy 82·0 min. The plasma half-life of 131I-labelled LH in a nephrectomized ewe maintained on haemodialysis was also prolonged (67·5 min), the determination being performed 24 h after the last haemodialysis. Although the kidney does not degrade LH, the plasma half-life was significantly increased after nephrectomy. This suggests that the localization of 125I-labelled LH in the proximal convoluted tubule may represent a secretory mechanism allowing renal excretion of LH.

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetics of Novel Erythropoiesis Stimulating Protein Compared with Epoetin Alfa in Dialysis Patients

1999 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2392-2395 ◽  
Author(s):  
IAIN C. MACDOUGALL ◽  
STEPHEN J. GRAY ◽  
ORLAITH ELSTON ◽  
CORMAC BREEN ◽  
BARBARA JENKINS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Epoetin Alfa ◽  
Dialysis Patients ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Peptide Mass ◽  
Terminal Half Life ◽  
The Mean

Abstract. Novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein (NESP) is a hyperglycosylated analogue of recombinant human erythropoietin (Epoetin) which has an increased terminal half-life in animal models. The aim of this study was to extend these observations to humans. Using a double-blind, randomized, cross-over design, the single-dose pharmacokinetics of Epoetin alfa (100 U/kg) and an equivalent peptide mass of NESP were compared following intravenous bolus in 11 stable peritoneal dialysis patients. This was followed by an open-label study to determine the single-dose pharmacokinetics of an equivalent peptide mass of NESP by subcutaneous injection in six of these patients. The mean terminal half-life for intravenous NESP was threefold longer than for intravenous Epoetin (25.3 versus 8.5 h), a difference of 16.8 h (95% confidence interval, 9.4 to 24.2 h, P = 0.0008). The area under the serum concentration—time curve was significantly greater for NESP (291.0 ± 7.6 ng · h per ml versus 131.9 ± 8.3 ng · h per ml; mean ± SEM; P < 0.0005), and clearance was significantly lower (1.6 ± 0.3 ml/h per kg versus 4.0 ± 0.3 ml/h per kg; mean ± SEM; P < 0.0005). The volume of distribution was similar for NESP and Epoetin (52.4 ± 2.0 ml/kg versus 48.7 ± 2.1 ml/kg; mean ± SEM). The mean terminal half-life for subcutaneous NESP was 48.8 h. The peak concentration of subcutaneous NESP was approximately 10% of that following intravenous administration, and bioavailability was approximately 37% by the subcutaneous route. The longer half-life of NESP is likely to confer a clinical advantage over Epoetin by allowing less frequent dosing in patients treated for anemia.

Drug Interaction between Rifampicin and Cotrimoxazole in Patients with Tuberculosis

1991 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 419-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.S. Bhatia ◽  
R. Uppal ◽  
R. Malhi ◽  
D. Behera ◽  
S.K. Jindal
Keyword(s):  
Drug Interaction ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Antitubercular Therapy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Plasma Half Life

1 Patients ( n = 15) who were admitted with complications of tuberculosis, were given antitubercular therapy (ATT) with rifampicin (RIF), for a minumum period of 15 d, and cotrimoxazole (CTZ), concurrently, for 5-10 d. 2 The serum RIF levels were measured before the start of CTZ treatment and at the end of its administration. 3 The plasma half-life ( t½) of RIF increased significantly from 1.92 ± 0.57 h to 2.31 ± 0.134 h after CTZ treatment. 4 The mean serum levels of RIF increased significantly at 4 and 6 h after CTZ administration.

Increased lysine transport capacity in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure

1989 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. C. Fervenza ◽  
C. M. Harvey ◽  
B. M. Hendry ◽  
J. C. Ellory
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
Chronic Renal Failure ◽  
Diffusion Constant ◽  
Linear Component ◽  
Transport Capacity ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Maintenance Haemodialysis ◽  
Apparent Diffusion ◽  
Intracellular Amino Acids ◽  
The Mean

1. The initial rate of l-lysine influx into erythrocytes from 13 patients with chronic renal failure has been measured using 14C-labelled lysine. Ten patients were on maintenance haemodialysis and three had never been dialysed. The results are compared with data obtained from 12 normal individuals. 2. The rate of lysine influx into washed cells from buffered saline containing 0.02–0.5 mmol of l-lysine/l has been calculated. The results can be fitted with a model in which influx has a single saturable component obeying Michaelis–Menten kinetics, and a linear non-saturable component. 3. In uraemic erythrocytes the saturable component had a mean Vmax. of 0.762 mmol h−1 litre−1 of cells (n = 13, sem 0.072) and a mean Km of 68.2 μmol/l (sem 5.7). These values in normal erythrocytes were 0.566 mmol h−1 litre−1 of cells (n = 12, sem 0.033) and 70.5 μmol/l (sem 4.1), respectively. The mean apparent diffusion constant (KD) for the linear component of influx was 0.224 h−1 (sem 0.039) in uraemic cells and 0.178 h−1 (sem 0.028) in normals. 4. The 35% increase in mean Vmax. seen in uraemic erythrocytes was statistically significant (P = 0.02). A similar increase in Vmax. in uraemic cells compared with controls was seen in erythrocytes which were studied in zero-trans conditions after depletion of intracellular amino acids. The mean values of Km and KD were not significantly different in uraemia. The origins of this increased membrane transport capacity for lysine in uraemia are discussed.

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