CRIMINAL LAW FUNCTIONALIZATION OF KIDNEY TRAFFICKING FOR TRANSPLANT PURPOSES

Kidney transplant is a complete therapy for people with terminal renal failure. The number of cases of terminal renal failure was not proportional to the available donors. Due to the lack of kidney donors, some people take advantage of this opportunity by commercializing their kidneys. In Indonesia's laws and regulations, it is clear that there is a prohibition on the trafficking of organs and or tissues for transplant purposes. Until now, cases of buying and selling of body organs or tissues have never reached the Court. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate a formulation regulating legal protection for all parties concerned. This article aims to analyze the criminal law's functionalization against the trafficking of kidneys for transplant purposes. The research was carried out with a normative juridical approach in a formulated policy structure, namely reviewing and analyzing regulations both in the Criminal Code including the draft criminal law 2005 as an ius constituendum and outside the Criminal Code, specifically regarding the regulation of trade in organs or tissues for transplant purposes. The result of this research is the functionalization of criminal law in the implementation of kidney trade to benefit transplants. Criminal law enforcement is to make criminal law functioned by legally processing the facts of organ trafficking in the field. This repressive action is intended to create a deterrent effect and is a long-term preventive measure so that it is hoped that there will be no more cases of trafficking in organs in the future. It is necessary to understand that the threat of punishment must remain an ultimum remedium, and is enforced if social control is not yet effective.

Main Role Of Morphogenetic Between Fgf-23 And Sklotho In The Development Of Herdic And Vasicular Models In Chronic Key Disease Patients

Diabetes is a major cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Poor blood sugar control accelerates the progression of CKD to terminal renal failure. Chronic kidney disease is also an important co-morbidity of diabetes. Impaired renal function further increases the risk of cardiovascular events in diabetic patients and ultimately carries a severe social and economic burden. Altered fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) and Klotho levels are considered the earliest biochemical abnormality of chronic kidney disease, the mineral and bone disease syndrome.

Renal glomerular lesions in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (literature review)

The literature review describes the different forms of glomerulonephritis (GN) in children with polyarticular and systemic forms of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). In the available literature, there are 21 clinical cases of GN: ANCA-associated GN, mesangial proliferative GN, including IgA- and IgM-nephropathy, membranous nephropathy, focal-segmental glomerulosclerosis, minimal change disease, and extracapillary GN. The mechanism of glomerular lesions in JRA is explained by hyperproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and by nephrotoxic action of basal anti-inflammatory medications. The clinical manifestations and the effectiveness of treatment of each variant of GN in children with JRA were analyzed in detail. Most publications are devoted to ANCA-associated GN, which developed in patients with a torpid course and a high activity of polyarticular and systemic forms of JRA. The peculiarity of ANCA-associated GN was the presence of hypercreatininemia and in almost half of cases the development of terminal renal failure, despite conducted immunosuppressive therapy. Single cases of other variants of GN were described more than 10 years ago. Proteinuria and the rare nephrotic syndrome were clinically observed, which was the reason for intravital renal morphological examination. Immunosuppressive therapy was effective in mesangial proliferative GN and minimal change disease. All cases of focal-segmental glomerulosclerosis, extracapillary GN were accompanied by the formation of terminal renal failure. Favorable prognosis appeared in children with drug-induced membranous nephropathy after their withdrawal. There are publications on a positive therapeutic effect of genetically engineered biological drugs in ANCA-associated GN, IgM-nephropathy, and a hormone-resistant variant of MCD in children with JRA.

Manajemen Komplikasi dan Keluhan pada Pasien yang Menjalani Hemodialisis

Hemodialysis is one of the renal replacement therapies used by many patients with terminal renal failure. Hemodialysis is an effective renal replacement therapy and is the most commonly used in managing terminal renal failure. However, hemodialysis is a complicated and uncomfortable therapy with several complications. Hemodialysis complications need to be prevented and controlled so that the patient's life remains optimal, and the worse condition does not occur. This program provides knowledge and information to patients undergoing hemodialysis. It used to handle complications and problems caused by terminal renal failure and hemodialysis. This program is an education program to 32 patients undergoing hemodialysis at the hemodialysis unit RSUP. Dr. M. Djamil Padang. The program was carried out by using videos and giving booklet to patients. It showed an increase in patient's knowledge to manage complications and problems caused by hemodialysis. It provides information related to the management of complications and problems in patients undergoing hemodialysis, which can be done by the patient. It is aimed at patients to improve skills in managing complications and problems caused by hemodialysis.

Renal involvement in granulomatosis with polyangiitis

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is defined by the presence of small vessel vasculitis that affects the upper respiratory tract, lungs and kidneys. Renal involvement is frequent. The disease varies from asymptomatic to fulminant rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis forms, leading to terminal renal failure in days.

Prof. Peter Ivanovich, MD, FRCP – A Friend of Doctors Nephrologists from North Macedonia

Prof. Peter Ivanovich was born in Tacoma, Washington, USA on November 9, 1928, and died in Chicago on November 16, 2019.After being educated by the father of chronic hemodialysis, Belding Scribner, in Seattle, P. Ivanovich devotes himself to the study of hemodialysis and its treatment in patients with chronic terminal renal failure.From 1971 he worked at the Northwestern University School of Medicine in Chicago where he created a hemodialysis unit at the Veteran Affairs Hospital.In the well-equipped hemodialysis unit, the latest hemodialysis techniques were studied and new drugs were tested. Numerous doctors from all over the world, as well as from Macedonia, visited and researched at the unit with P. Ivanovich.P. Ivanovich has frequently visited Macedonia and the former Yugoslavia, where he participated with his lectures. He helped in the development of nephrology in the Balkan Peninsula.Significant is his participation in the First Scientific Meeting of the Nephrologists of Yugoslavia, Struga, 26-28. IX 1977 and in the creation of BANTAO in Ohrid on 9. IX 1993 - during the First Congress of the Macedonian Society of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation and Artificial Organs.Prof. P. Ivanovich is in the lasting memory of the nephrologists of North Macedonia as a renowned nephrologist, cosmopolitan and friend of patients and doctors.

The hereditary nephrotic syndrome in children and adults

Literature data indicate that as a result of achievements in medical genetics, the pathogenesis of the development of hormone-resistant isolated and syndromal nephrotic syndrome in pediatric and adult patients has been established. Clinical and genetic features of hereditary isolated or syndromal nephrotic syndrome in pediatric and adult patients are caused by mutations of genes encoding the main components of the glomerular basal membrane, slit diaphragm, structural and functional proteins of the podocyte. Clinical manifestations of hereditary nephrotic syndrome in pediatric and adult patients aged 0 to 70 years, progression to terminal renal failure from 5 months to 75–80 years, depending on genetic and clinical and morphological features, are established. Molecular Genetic testing in steroid-resistant isolated and syndromal nephrotic syndrome conducted before the start of cytostatic therapy and kidney biopsy in pediatric and adult patients is of important clinical significance for making decisions about the feasibility of kidney biopsy and immunosuppressive therapy evaluating the rate of progression to terminal renal failure, and choosing immunosuppressive therapy before kidney transplantation. The problem of early diagnosis of hereditary isolated and syndromal nephrotic syndrome in paediatric and adult patients facing domestic nephrology should be solved by the introduction of molecular genetic testing in nephrological practice.

KIDNEY DAMAGE IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

The purpose of this work is to perform a general analysis of relevant literature on the issue of kidney damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Kidney damage in patients with rheumatic diseases is potentially dangerous, as it can lead to the development of terminal renal failure that may require replacement renal therapy. Amyloidosis often leads to kidney failure in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Renal amyloidosis more often develops in patients with acute course of rheumatoid arthritis and under maximal immunological disorders. In patients with renal amyloidosis against the background of rheumatoid arthritis, manifestations of joint affection decrease, while the renal-uremic syndrome takes a predominant role. Signs of nephrotic syndrome and chronic renal failure develop gradually. Kidney damage can be caused by medications for rheumatoid arthritis. The choice of the optimal scheme of individual-centred therapy is vitally important for patients, since every aggravation of both rheumatic disease and secondary renal damage leads to the progression of chronic renal failure.

Blood Viscosity in Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy Versus Blood Viscosity in Healthy Patients

Diabetic nephropathy is the major cause of severe renal impairment and even chronic terminal renal failure requiring dialysis. Blood viscosity is clearly modified in diabetic patients, and particularly in those with severe renal impairment The purpose of this study is to highlight blood viscosity values at different shear rates in patients with diabetic nephropathy compared to the control group. There is a significant increase in blood viscosity in patients with definite renal impairment.