Development of Resilience and Retention of Strength and Abrasion Resistance in Durable-Press-Treated Flame-Retardant Cotton Fabrics

1977 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 721-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley P. Rowland ◽  
John S. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Glycolic Acid ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Phosphonium Chloride ◽  
Durable Press ◽  
Acceptable Range ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Flame Retarded ◽  
Overall Performance

Durable-press (DP) treatments were applied to cotton sheeting that was flame-retarded (FR) with 7 different types of commercial candidate finishes. The finishes, based on tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (THPC), neutralized THPC (THPOH), Fyrol 76, and Pyrovatex CP were: THPOH-NH2, THPOH-urea-trimethylolmelamine, Proban-NH3, THPC-urea-Na2HPO4, Fyrol 76, Fyrol 76-N-methylolacrylamide, and Pyrovatex CP-methylolmelamine. Dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea in conjunction with glycolic acid was employed for the DP treatment of each type of FR cotton at each of three levels of add-on. Textile performance properties of DP-FR cotton fabrics are reported as a function of add-on of each of the FR finishes. The relationships of retained strength and abrasion resistance to developed resilience are discussed. Actual responses of the various types of FR cottons to DP treatments were quite different, but they were generally similar in that they showed decreased increments in DP appearance rating as the amount of FR agent on the fabric increased. Although some of the samples of DP-FR fabrics had DP appearance ratings that fell in an acceptable range (3.5-4.0), none exhibited a particularly attractive combination of resilience with retention of strength and abrasion resistance on this lightweight fabric. It is expected that overall performance would be better on heavier weight fabrics.

Copolymerization of Addition and Condensation Type Monomers for Flame Retardancy of Cotton and Blend Fabrics

1977 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 789-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florine A. Blouin ◽  
Stanley P. Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Polyester Fabrics ◽  
Good Strength ◽  
Phosphonium Chloride ◽  
Durable Press ◽  
Blend Composition ◽  
Tearing Strength

Pad-dry-cure treatments of cotton/polyester fabrics with aqueous solutions of tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (THPC)/bis(2-chloroethyl) vinylphosphonate (BVP)/acrylamide (A)/trimethylolmelamine (TMM) resulted in deposition in the fibers of copolymers formed by apparent coreaction of the two types of monomers. At 40–50% add-on levels, deposition of these phosphorus- and nitrogen-containing copolymers in cotton/polyester knits (35% to 100% cotton) yielded durably flame-retardant (FR) fabrics. These treated knits retained fairly good strength and abrasion properties. Changes in textile properties due to FR treatments were markedly dependent on blend composition. Durable-press (DP) appearance ratings were improved or slightly reduced by the FR treatments. The finish significantly increased the stiffness of these knits, but stiffness was decreased by machine washings. All-cotton sateen fabrics treated with THPC/BVP/A/TMM to add-on levels of 21% and over were durably flame retardant. The FR sateen fabrics possessed a good hand and only slightly increased stiffness. Conditioned wrinkle-recovery angles and DP appearance ratings indicated fairly good levels of resilience. Breaking and tearing strength retentions were good in the warp direction but considerably poorer in the fill direction. Flex abrasion resistance was adversely affected.

Multifunctional, strongly hydrophobic and flame-retarded cotton fabrics modified with flame retardant agents and silicon compounds

2016 ◽  
Vol 128 ◽  
pp. 55-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Przybylak ◽  
Hieronim Maciejewski ◽  
Agnieszka Dutkiewicz ◽  
Dorota Wesołek ◽  
Maria Władyka-Przybylak
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Silicon Compounds ◽  
Flame Retarded

Influence of Laundering on Durable Flame Retarded Cotton Fabrics — Part 1. Effect of Oxidant Concentration and Detergent Type

1992 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Richard Horrocks ◽  
Jane Allen ◽  
Sandra Ojinnaka ◽  
Dennis Price
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Sodium Perborate ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Binding Effect ◽  
Water Washing ◽  
Oxidant Concentration ◽  
Flame Retarded

Cotton fabrics flame retarded with tetrakis (hydroxymethyl phosphonium chloride (THPC)-urea-ammonia polycondensate (Proban CC, Albright and Wilson Ltd., U.K.) have been subjected to up to 50 simulated hos pital wash cycles. Laundering variables include sodium perborate oxidant con centration, detergent type (liquid with no oxidant, powder with zeolite and sodium perborate and powder with polyphosphate and carbonate and per borate) and water hardness. The flame retardant system resisted all laundering systems in terms of the constancy of burning behaviour assessed by vertical strip (BS 5438) and limiting oxygen index (LOI) measurements. However, increased perborate con centration changed the thermogravimetric (TGA) response of laundered fabrics. Soft water washing promoted cotton fibre fibrillation independent of deter gent type; increased oxidant concentration promoted secondary wall damage. Hard water washing severely damaged fibre secondary walls and significant depositions of calcium ions often as phosphate occurred on fabric. Presence of the flame retardant was observed to have a stabilising fibrillar binding effect which was offset by a secondary wall crack promoting character.

Interaction of Flame-Retardant and Untreated Cotton Fabrics during Burning

1977 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 351-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley R. Hobart ◽  
Charles H. Mack
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Transfer Effect ◽  
Geometrical Configuration ◽  
Untreated Cotton ◽  
Phosphorus Containing ◽  
Flame Retarded

Transfer of flame retardancy from fabric treated with THPOH-NH3 to untreated cotton fabric during burning was observed on fabric samples sewed together with glass thread. The transfer effect was evidenced by the development of substantial char and the presence of phosphorus and nitrogen in the char of the untreated fabric. Oxygen-index determinations on multilayered combinations of flame-retarded (FR) and untreated fabrics also supported this observation. The extent of FR transfer varied with the geometrical configuration of the layers and the FR add-on. Tests showed that smoke from combustion of THPOH-NH3-treated fabric, passed through untreated cotton fabric, was the means of transfer of phosphorus, nitrogen, and flame retardancy. The FR transfer effect was also demonstrated for several other phosphorus-containing flame-retardancy treatments.

Influence of Prefinishing Preparatory Processes on Strength-Abrasion Retention of Durable-Press Cotton Fabrics

1977 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 802-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Varghese ◽  
D. M. Pasad
Keyword(s):  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
Durable Press ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Plant Level

Two cotton fabrics, one a poplin and another a drill, were processed from the loom state to full bleach at the plant level through four different routes– viz. mercerize-scour (MS), mercerize-scour-bleach (MSB), scour-bleach (SB), and scour-bleach-mercerize (SBM). These were then finished with DMEU from the anti-crease to the durable-press level by the pad-dry-cure technique in the laboratory. Evaluation of these fabrics for resilience and strength-abrasion properties have shown that in the overall performance profile at the durable-press level, the order of preference for poplin among the four routes is MSB > MS/SBM > SB. Similar data on drill show the order of preference as SBM > SB > MS > MSB.

Flame-Retardancy Transfer from FR Cotton Fabric to Cotton/Polyester Blends

1977 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 394-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley R. Hobart ◽  
Charles H. Mack ◽  
Stanley P. Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Untreated Cotton ◽  
Phosphorus Containing ◽  
Flame Retarded ◽  
Blend Fabric

Flame-retardancy transfer from cotton fabrics flame-retarded (FR) with phosphorus-containing compounds to adjacent, untreated cotton/polyester blend fabrics was observed during burning. Reduced flammability was found for blends containing 35% or less polyester; this was indicated by the fact that the char weight for burning FR cotton and untreated blend was higher than that for separate burning; however, when the level of polyester was above 35%, there was essentially no evidence of reduced flammability. Transfer of phosphorus from FR to blend fabric was detected by analysis of chars from blends of high cotton content. Preferential pickup of flame retardant by the cotton portion of the blend is indicated.

A Scanning Electron Microscope Study of Washer-Dryer Abrasion in Textiie Fibers

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 346-347
Author(s):  
Wilton R. Goynes
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Electron Microscope Study ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope Study ◽  
Durable Press ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
Scanning Electron

The reaction of cellulose with certain cross-linking agents has produced cotton fabrics with outstanding durable press characteristics. However, many of these reactions decrease the natural abrasion resistance of the fiber. Wet abrasion and dry abrasion are known to produce different types of damage in the cotton fiber. It was of interest to determine whether such differences occur in the machine washing and drying of cotton fabrics. To study this problem, both untreated and cross-linked cotton fabrics were made into trouser cuffs, washed repeatedly and line dried, or machine dried until extensive damage had occurred. The two reacted fabrics studied had been treated with dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea and tris(l-aziridinyl) phosphine oxide. Cuene solubility tests on ultrathin sections of fibers from th ese fabrics observed with the transmission electron microscope indicated that the fibers were uniformly cross-linked throughout.

scholarly journals Phytic Acid and Biochar: An Effective All Bio-Sourced Flame Retardant Formulation for Cotton Fabrics

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Barbalini ◽  
Mattia Bartoli ◽  
Alberto Tagliaferro ◽  
Giulio Malucelli
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Phytic Acid ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Chemical Conversion ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Solid Product ◽  
Untreated Cotton ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Flame Retarded ◽  
Combustion Tests

Flame retardant systems based on bio-sourced products combine quite high fire performances with the low environmental impact related to their synthesis and exploitation. In this context, this work describes a new all bio-sourced flame retardant system designed and applied to cotton fabrics. In particular, it consists of phytic acid (PA), a phosphorus-based naturally occurring molecule extracted from different plant tissues, in combination with biochar (BC), a carbon-rich solid product obtained from the thermo-chemical conversion of biomasses in an oxygen-limited environment. PA and BC were mixed together at a 1:1 weight ratio in an aqueous medium, and applied to cotton at different loadings. As revealed by flammability and forced combustion tests, this bio-sourced system was able to provide significant improvements in flame retardance of cotton, even limiting the final dry add-on on the treated fabrics at 8 wt.% only. The so-treated fabrics were capable to achieve self-extinction in both horizontal and vertical flame spread tests; besides, they did not ignite under the exposure to 35 kW/m2 irradiative heat flux. Conversely, the proposed flame retardant treatment did not show a high washing fastness, though the washed flame retarded fabrics still exhibited a better flame retardant behavior than untreated cotton.

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