Interaction of Flame-Retardant and Untreated Cotton Fabrics during Burning

1977 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 351-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley R. Hobart ◽  
Charles H. Mack
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Transfer Effect ◽  
Geometrical Configuration ◽  
Untreated Cotton ◽  
Phosphorus Containing ◽  
Flame Retarded

Transfer of flame retardancy from fabric treated with THPOH-NH3 to untreated cotton fabric during burning was observed on fabric samples sewed together with glass thread. The transfer effect was evidenced by the development of substantial char and the presence of phosphorus and nitrogen in the char of the untreated fabric. Oxygen-index determinations on multilayered combinations of flame-retarded (FR) and untreated fabrics also supported this observation. The extent of FR transfer varied with the geometrical configuration of the layers and the FR add-on. Tests showed that smoke from combustion of THPOH-NH3-treated fabric, passed through untreated cotton fabric, was the means of transfer of phosphorus, nitrogen, and flame retardancy. The FR transfer effect was also demonstrated for several other phosphorus-containing flame-retardancy treatments.

Flame-Retardancy Transfer from FR Cotton Fabric to Cotton/Polyester Blends

1977 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 394-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley R. Hobart ◽  
Charles H. Mack ◽  
Stanley P. Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Untreated Cotton ◽  
Phosphorus Containing ◽  
Flame Retarded ◽  
Blend Fabric

Flame-retardancy transfer from cotton fabrics flame-retarded (FR) with phosphorus-containing compounds to adjacent, untreated cotton/polyester blend fabrics was observed during burning. Reduced flammability was found for blends containing 35% or less polyester; this was indicated by the fact that the char weight for burning FR cotton and untreated blend was higher than that for separate burning; however, when the level of polyester was above 35%, there was essentially no evidence of reduced flammability. Transfer of phosphorus from FR to blend fabric was detected by analysis of chars from blends of high cotton content. Preferential pickup of flame retardant by the cotton portion of the blend is indicated.

Flammability and thermal properties of cotton fabrics modified with a novel flame retardant containing triazine and phosphorus components

2016 ◽  
Vol 87 (11) ◽  
pp. 1367-1376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaohong Dong ◽  
Zhou Lu ◽  
Peng Wang ◽  
Ping Zhu ◽  
Xuechao Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Untreated Cotton ◽  
Index Value

A novel formaldehyde-free flame retardant containing phosphorus and dichlorotriazine components (CTAP) for cotton fabrics was synthesized. As an active group, the dichlorotriazine could react with cotton fabric via covalent reaction. The addition of 20.7 wt% CTAP into the cotton fabric obtained a high limiting oxygen index value of 31.5%, which was 13.5% higher than the pure cotton fabric. The results of heat release rate, total heat release and effective heat combustion indicated that CTAP effectively imparted flame retardancy to cotton fabric by the cone calorimetry test. With respect to the untreated cotton fabrics, the treated cotton fabrics degraded at lower decomposition temperature and form a consistent and compact char layer, which could be observed by thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Compared to the untreated cotton fabrics, CTAP performed an effective role in flame retardancy for treated cotton fabrics. Meanwhile, it stimulated the formation of char and promoted the thermal stability of treated cotton fabrics during combustion.

Development of thermally stable and hygienic colored cotton fabric made by treatment with natural coconut shell extract

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
MD Teli ◽  
Pintu Pandit
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Flame Resistance ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index

As far as the value addition of textile is concerned, flame retardancy of textile materials is considered to be one of the most important properties in textile finishing by both industries as well as academic researchers. Flame-retardant property with thermal stability was imparted to cotton by using green coconut ( Cocos nucifera Linn) shell extract, a natural waste source of coconut. Coconut shell extract was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive spectrometry and its phytochemical analysis was also carried out. The coconut shell extract (acidic after extraction) was applied in three different pH (acidic, neutral, and alkaline) conditions to the cotton fabric. Flame-retardant properties of the untreated and the treated cotton fabrics were analyzed by limiting oxygen index and vertical flammability. The study showed that all the treated fabrics had good flame resistance property compared to that of the untreated fabric. The limiting oxygen index value was found to increase by 72.2% after application of the coconut shell extract from alkaline pH. Pyrolysis and char formation behavior of the concerned fabrics were studied using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetric analysis in a nitrogen atmosphere. The physicochemical composition of the untreated and coconut shell extract treated cotton fabrics were analyzed by attenuated total reflection–Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscope, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Also, treated cotton fabric showed natural brown color and antibacterial property against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The durability of the flame-retardant functionality to washing with soap solution has also been studied and reported in this paper.

scholarly journals Preparation and characterization of flame retardant cotton fabrics

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 5296-5300
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Curing Temperature ◽  
Sodium Hypophosphite ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Untreated Cotton ◽  
Prepared Glass ◽  
Ray Patterns

An inorganic flame retardant glass was prepared using the melt methods. The prepared glass was characterized using IR, X-ray. The x-ray patterns and IR charts show that the formation of glass without any crystals. Cotton fabric was finished using different percentage of glass 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 % (w/w) in the presence of citric acid as crosslinker and sodium hypophosphite as catalyst. The flame retardancy of finished cotton fabric was performed using Limited Oxygen Index (LOI) technique. The results of measurements show that the value of LOI of untreated cotton fabric equals 19.6, when cotton fabrics treated with different amounts of glass ranging from 0.5 to 2 %, the value of LOI increased to become 23.6 at 0.5% and 24.8 for the higher glass concentration. The effect of curing temperature and time on the properties and the LOI of cotton fabric was studied.

A New Durable Nonphosphorus Flame Retardant for Cotton Based on Tetramethylol 2,4-Diamino-6- (3,3,3-Tribromo-1-Propyl)-1,3,5-Triazine

1977 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 418-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon H. Chance ◽  
Judy D. Timpa
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Cotton Fibers ◽  
Cure Process ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analyses ◽  
Flammability Test

A new flame retardant for cotton, tetramethylol 2,4-diamino-6-(3,3,3-tribromo-1-propyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TM-DABT), was synthesized. TM-DABT was applied to cotton fabrics from a combination of water and dimethylformamide by a pad-dry-cure process. It polymerized rapidly on fabric at 140°C to give excellent flame retardancy. Flannelette and twill with add-ons of 13.3% and 11.3%, respectively, passed the FF3–71 flammability test after 50 laundering, with char lengths of 4.7 and 3.4 inches. There was evidence of cellulose crosslinking because fabrics had improved wrinkle-recovery angles, and cotton fibers were insoluble in cupriethylenediamine hydroxide. The finish was heat-sensitive, as evidenced by noticeable yellowing when white fabrics were cured at 150°C or above, or when they were laundered repeatedly. Various physical properties of the fabrics are presented, as well as oxygen index and thermogravimetric analyses.

In situ polymerization of polyaniline on cotton fabrics with phytic acid as a novel efficient dopant for flame retardancy and conductivity switching

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 3504-3513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingqing Zhou ◽  
Jiayi Chen ◽  
Tianchi Zhou ◽  
Jianzhong Shao
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Phytic Acid ◽  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
In Situ Polymerization ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Water Bath ◽  
Conductivity Switching ◽  
Ice Water

A flame-retardant conductive cotton fabric switch was successfully prepared by the in situ polymerization of polyaniline doped with novel phytic acid (PA) by impregnation in an ice water bath for 24 h.

Synergistic effect of phosphorus, nitrogen and silicon on flame retardancy properties of cotton fabric treated by sol-gel process

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aysun Aksit ◽  
Nurhan Onar ◽  
Bengi Kutlu ◽  
Evren Sergin ◽  
Ismail Yakin
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Spread ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sol Gel Process

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop the flame retardancy properties of cotton fabrics with treatment of phosphorus and nitrogen containing silane-based nanosol by sol-gel process. Design/methodology/approach – Nanosols containing tetraethoxysilane or (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane as precursors, (3-glycidyloxypropyl) trimethoxysilane as cross-linking agent and guanidine phosphate monobasic as flame retarding agent were impregnated on cotton fabrics. Flame retardancy properties of the fabric samples were determined by limited flame spread test and limited oxygen index (LOI) test. In addition, microstructural and surface morphological properties of the fabric samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope. Findings – Depending on the limited flame spread test, the authors show that the coated fabric samples gain flame retardancy properties and the LOI value of the samples increased as to 45.7 per cent by the synergistic effect of phosphorus-nitrogen-silicon. Originality/value – There have some studies in flame retardancy behaviour of textiles. In this study, flame retardant cotton fabric with very low weight in grams was improved by sol-gel process. Moreover, ecological process was provided thanks to using halogen-free flame retardant.

scholarly journals Flame resistant cellulosic substrate using banana pseudostem sap

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Basak ◽  
Kartick. K. Samanta ◽  
S. Saxena ◽  
S.K. Chattopadhyay ◽  
R. Narkar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Propagation Rate ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Flame Retardant Property ◽  
Flammability Test ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Mechanical Strengths

Abstract Flame retardancy was imparted in cellulosic cotton textile using banana pseudostem sap (BPS), an eco-friendly natural product. The extracted sap was made alkaline and applied in pre-mordanted bleached and mercerized cotton fabrics. Flame retardant properties of both the control and the treated fabrics were analysed in terms of limiting oxygen index (LOI), horizontal and vertical flammability. Fabrics treated with the non-diluted BPS were found to have good flame retardant property with LOI of 30 compared to the control fabric with LOI of 18, i.e., an increase of 1.6 times. In the vertical flammability test, the BPS treated fabric showed flame for a few seconds and then, got extinguished. In the horizontal flammability test, the treated fabric showed no flame, but was burning only with an afterglow with a propagation rate of 7.5 mm/min, which was almost 10 times lower than that noted with the control fabric. The thermal degradation and the pyrolysis of the fabric samples were studied using a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and the chemical composition by FTIR, SEM and EDX, besides the pure BPS being characterized by EDX and mass spectroscopy. The fabric after the treatment was found to produce stable natural khaki colour, and there was no significant degradation in mechanical strengths. Based on the results, the mechanism of imparting flame retardancy to cellulosic textile and the formation of natural colour on it using the proposed BPS treatment have been postulated.

scholarly journals Facile Preparation of Flame Retardant Cotton Fabric via Adhesion of Mg(OH)2 by the Assistance of Ionic Liquid

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinli Ma ◽  
Xiao Wang ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Ru Chen ◽  
Ju Wei
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Afterglow Time ◽  
Convenient Approach ◽  
Cellulosic Textiles ◽  
Heat Released

A new approach for flame retardant functional finishing of textiles was explored to improve flame retardancy of cotton fabrics by simple physical adhesion method. Mg(OH)2 was adhered to cotton fiber with the aid of fiber swelling in ionic liquid on heating and shrinkage on washing to obtain flame retardancy. The effects of immobilizing condition and methods on flame retardancy were discussed. The surface morphology, crystal structure, combustion behavior, thermal and physical properties of cotton fabric adhered with Mg(OH)2 were analyzed. The afterflame time and afterglow time of adhered cotton fabric were significantly reduced to less than 5 s. The thermal weight loss of cotton fabric was increased by 11.7% and the total heat released per unit mass was decreased by 20.9% after MH adhesion. The simple eco-friendly adhesion method provided a convenient approach for the development and application of flame retardant functional cellulosic textiles.

scholarly journals Phytic Acid and Biochar: An Effective All Bio-Sourced Flame Retardant Formulation for Cotton Fabrics

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Barbalini ◽  
Mattia Bartoli ◽  
Alberto Tagliaferro ◽  
Giulio Malucelli
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Phytic Acid ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Chemical Conversion ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Solid Product ◽  
Untreated Cotton ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Flame Retarded ◽  
Combustion Tests

Flame retardant systems based on bio-sourced products combine quite high fire performances with the low environmental impact related to their synthesis and exploitation. In this context, this work describes a new all bio-sourced flame retardant system designed and applied to cotton fabrics. In particular, it consists of phytic acid (PA), a phosphorus-based naturally occurring molecule extracted from different plant tissues, in combination with biochar (BC), a carbon-rich solid product obtained from the thermo-chemical conversion of biomasses in an oxygen-limited environment. PA and BC were mixed together at a 1:1 weight ratio in an aqueous medium, and applied to cotton at different loadings. As revealed by flammability and forced combustion tests, this bio-sourced system was able to provide significant improvements in flame retardance of cotton, even limiting the final dry add-on on the treated fabrics at 8 wt.% only. The so-treated fabrics were capable to achieve self-extinction in both horizontal and vertical flame spread tests; besides, they did not ignite under the exposure to 35 kW/m2 irradiative heat flux. Conversely, the proposed flame retardant treatment did not show a high washing fastness, though the washed flame retarded fabrics still exhibited a better flame retardant behavior than untreated cotton.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document