scholarly journals Phytic Acid and Biochar: An Effective All Bio-Sourced Flame Retardant Formulation for Cotton Fabrics

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Barbalini ◽  
Mattia Bartoli ◽  
Alberto Tagliaferro ◽  
Giulio Malucelli
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Phytic Acid ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Chemical Conversion ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Solid Product ◽  
Untreated Cotton ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Flame Retarded ◽  
Combustion Tests

Flame retardant systems based on bio-sourced products combine quite high fire performances with the low environmental impact related to their synthesis and exploitation. In this context, this work describes a new all bio-sourced flame retardant system designed and applied to cotton fabrics. In particular, it consists of phytic acid (PA), a phosphorus-based naturally occurring molecule extracted from different plant tissues, in combination with biochar (BC), a carbon-rich solid product obtained from the thermo-chemical conversion of biomasses in an oxygen-limited environment. PA and BC were mixed together at a 1:1 weight ratio in an aqueous medium, and applied to cotton at different loadings. As revealed by flammability and forced combustion tests, this bio-sourced system was able to provide significant improvements in flame retardance of cotton, even limiting the final dry add-on on the treated fabrics at 8 wt.% only. The so-treated fabrics were capable to achieve self-extinction in both horizontal and vertical flame spread tests; besides, they did not ignite under the exposure to 35 kW/m2 irradiative heat flux. Conversely, the proposed flame retardant treatment did not show a high washing fastness, though the washed flame retarded fabrics still exhibited a better flame retardant behavior than untreated cotton.

scholarly journals Hybrid Silica-Phytic Acid Coatings: Effect on the Thermal Stability and Flame Retardancy of Cotton

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Barbalini ◽  
Luca Bertolla ◽  
Jaromír Toušek ◽  
Giulio Malucelli
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Phytic Acid ◽  
Flame Spread ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Hybrid Coatings ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Coated Fabrics ◽  
Combustion Tests

New hybrid sol–gel coatings based on tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and phytic acid (PA) were designed and applied to cotton; the flame-retardant properties of the treated fabrics were thoroughly investigated by means of flame-spread and forced-combustion tests. The first goal was to identify the TEOS:PA weight ratio that allowed the achievement of the best flame-retardant properties, with the lowest final dry add-on on the fabrics. Therefore, different TEOS:PA sols were prepared and applied to cotton, and the resulting coated fabrics were thoroughly investigated. In particular, solid-state NMR spectroscopy was exploited for assessing the condensation degree during the sol–gel process, even for evaluating the occurrence of possible reactions between phytic acid and the cellulosic substrate or the alkoxy precursor. It was found that a total dry add-on of 16 wt % together with 70:30 TEOS:PA weight ratio provided cotton with self-extinction, as clearly indicated by flame-spread tests. This formulation was further investigated in forced-combustion tests: a significant reduction of heat release rate (HRR), of the peak of HRR, and of total heat release (THR) was found, together with a remarkable increase of the residues after the test. Unfortunately, the treated fabrics were not resistant to washing cycles, as they significantly lost their flame-retardant properties, consequently to the partial removal of the deposited hybrid coatings.

Interaction of Flame-Retardant and Untreated Cotton Fabrics during Burning

1977 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 351-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley R. Hobart ◽  
Charles H. Mack
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Transfer Effect ◽  
Geometrical Configuration ◽  
Untreated Cotton ◽  
Phosphorus Containing ◽  
Flame Retarded

Transfer of flame retardancy from fabric treated with THPOH-NH3 to untreated cotton fabric during burning was observed on fabric samples sewed together with glass thread. The transfer effect was evidenced by the development of substantial char and the presence of phosphorus and nitrogen in the char of the untreated fabric. Oxygen-index determinations on multilayered combinations of flame-retarded (FR) and untreated fabrics also supported this observation. The extent of FR transfer varied with the geometrical configuration of the layers and the FR add-on. Tests showed that smoke from combustion of THPOH-NH3-treated fabric, passed through untreated cotton fabric, was the means of transfer of phosphorus, nitrogen, and flame retardancy. The FR transfer effect was also demonstrated for several other phosphorus-containing flame-retardancy treatments.

Flame-Retardancy Transfer from FR Cotton Fabric to Cotton/Polyester Blends

1977 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 394-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley R. Hobart ◽  
Charles H. Mack ◽  
Stanley P. Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Untreated Cotton ◽  
Phosphorus Containing ◽  
Flame Retarded ◽  
Blend Fabric

Flame-retardancy transfer from cotton fabrics flame-retarded (FR) with phosphorus-containing compounds to adjacent, untreated cotton/polyester blend fabrics was observed during burning. Reduced flammability was found for blends containing 35% or less polyester; this was indicated by the fact that the char weight for burning FR cotton and untreated blend was higher than that for separate burning; however, when the level of polyester was above 35%, there was essentially no evidence of reduced flammability. Transfer of phosphorus from FR to blend fabric was detected by analysis of chars from blends of high cotton content. Preferential pickup of flame retardant by the cotton portion of the blend is indicated.

Multifunctional, strongly hydrophobic and flame-retarded cotton fabrics modified with flame retardant agents and silicon compounds

2016 ◽  
Vol 128 ◽  
pp. 55-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Przybylak ◽  
Hieronim Maciejewski ◽  
Agnieszka Dutkiewicz ◽  
Dorota Wesołek ◽  
Maria Władyka-Przybylak
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Silicon Compounds ◽  
Flame Retarded

Flammability and thermal properties of cotton fabrics modified with a novel flame retardant containing triazine and phosphorus components

2016 ◽  
Vol 87 (11) ◽  
pp. 1367-1376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaohong Dong ◽  
Zhou Lu ◽  
Peng Wang ◽  
Ping Zhu ◽  
Xuechao Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Untreated Cotton ◽  
Index Value

A novel formaldehyde-free flame retardant containing phosphorus and dichlorotriazine components (CTAP) for cotton fabrics was synthesized. As an active group, the dichlorotriazine could react with cotton fabric via covalent reaction. The addition of 20.7 wt% CTAP into the cotton fabric obtained a high limiting oxygen index value of 31.5%, which was 13.5% higher than the pure cotton fabric. The results of heat release rate, total heat release and effective heat combustion indicated that CTAP effectively imparted flame retardancy to cotton fabric by the cone calorimetry test. With respect to the untreated cotton fabrics, the treated cotton fabrics degraded at lower decomposition temperature and form a consistent and compact char layer, which could be observed by thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Compared to the untreated cotton fabrics, CTAP performed an effective role in flame retardancy for treated cotton fabrics. Meanwhile, it stimulated the formation of char and promoted the thermal stability of treated cotton fabrics during combustion.

scholarly journals Environmentally Benign Phytic Acid-Based Nanocoating for Multifunctional Flame-Retardant/Antibacterial Cotton

Fibers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Eva Magovac ◽  
Bojana Vončina ◽  
Ana Budimir ◽  
Igor Jordanov ◽  
Jaime C. Grunlan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Phytic Acid ◽  
Environmentally Benign ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Untreated Cotton ◽  
Microscale Combustion Calorimeter ◽  
Combustion Calorimeter

Environmentally benign layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition was used to obtain flame-retardant and antimicrobial cotton. Cotton was coated with 8, 10, and 12 phytic acid (PA) and chitosan (CH)-urea bilayers (BL) and then immersed into copper (II) sulfate (CuSO4) solution. Our findings were that 12 BL of PA/CH-urea + Cu2+ were able to stop flame on cotton during vertical flammability testing (VFT) with a limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 26%. Microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC) data showed a reduction of peak heat release rates (pHRR) of more than 61%, while the reduction of total heat release (THR) was more than 54%, relative to untreated cotton. TG-IR analysis of 12 BL-treated cotton showed the release of water, methane, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and aldehydes, while by adding Cu2+ ions, the treated cotton produces a lower amount of methane. Treated cotton also showed no levoglucosan. The intumescent behavior of the treatment was indicated by the bubbled structure of the post-burn char. Antibacterial testing showed a 100% reduction of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. In this study, cotton was successfully functionalized with a multifunctional ecologically benign flame-retardant and antibacterial nanocoating, by means of LbL deposition.

Development of Resilience and Retention of Strength and Abrasion Resistance in Durable-Press-Treated Flame-Retardant Cotton Fabrics

1977 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 721-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley P. Rowland ◽  
John S. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Glycolic Acid ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Phosphonium Chloride ◽  
Durable Press ◽  
Acceptable Range ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Flame Retarded ◽  
Overall Performance

Durable-press (DP) treatments were applied to cotton sheeting that was flame-retarded (FR) with 7 different types of commercial candidate finishes. The finishes, based on tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (THPC), neutralized THPC (THPOH), Fyrol 76, and Pyrovatex CP were: THPOH-NH2, THPOH-urea-trimethylolmelamine, Proban-NH3, THPC-urea-Na2HPO4, Fyrol 76, Fyrol 76-N-methylolacrylamide, and Pyrovatex CP-methylolmelamine. Dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea in conjunction with glycolic acid was employed for the DP treatment of each type of FR cotton at each of three levels of add-on. Textile performance properties of DP-FR cotton fabrics are reported as a function of add-on of each of the FR finishes. The relationships of retained strength and abrasion resistance to developed resilience are discussed. Actual responses of the various types of FR cottons to DP treatments were quite different, but they were generally similar in that they showed decreased increments in DP appearance rating as the amount of FR agent on the fabric increased. Although some of the samples of DP-FR fabrics had DP appearance ratings that fell in an acceptable range (3.5-4.0), none exhibited a particularly attractive combination of resilience with retention of strength and abrasion resistance on this lightweight fabric. It is expected that overall performance would be better on heavier weight fabrics.

scholarly journals Effect of Particle Size of Additives on the Flammability and Mechanical Properties of Intumescent Flame Retarded Polypropylene Compounds

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katalin Bocz ◽  
Tamás Krain ◽  
György Marosi
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Degradation Mechanism ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Size Reduction ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Particle Size Reduction ◽  
Flame Retarded ◽  
Effect Of Particle Size

The effect of particle size reduction of the components of a common intumescent flame retardant system, consisting of pentaerythritol (PER) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) in a weight ratio of 1 to 2, was investigated on the flammability and mechanical performance of flame retarded polypropylene (PP) compounds. Additives of reduced particle size were obtained by ball milling. In the case of PER, the significant reduction of particle size resulted in inferior flame retardant and mechanical performance, while the systems containing milled APP noticeably outperformed the reference intumescent system containing as-received additives. The beneficial effect of the particle size reduction of APP is explained by the better distribution of the particles in the polymer matrix and by the modified degradation mechanism which results in the formation of an effectively protecting carbonaceous foam accompanied with improved mechanical resistance. Nevertheless, 10% higher tensile strength was measured for the flame retarded PP compound when as-received APP was substituted by milled APP.

scholarly journals Flame Retardant Functionalization of Microcrystalline Cellulose by Phosphorylation Reaction with Phytic Acid

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (17) ◽  
pp. 9631
Author(s):  
Hua-Bin Yuan ◽  
Ren-Cheng Tang ◽  
Cheng-Bing Yu
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Phytic Acid ◽  
Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Phosphorylation Reaction ◽  
Combustion Flow ◽  
Novel Strategy ◽  
C 50 ◽  
Application Fields

The functionalization of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is an important strategy for broadening its application fields. In the present work, MCC was functionalized by phosphorylation reaction with phytic acid (PA) for enhanced flame retardancy. The conditions of phosphorylation reaction including PA concentration, MCC/PA weight ratio and temperature were discussed, and the thermal degradation, heat release and char-forming properties of the resulting PA modified MCC were studied by thermogravimetric analysis and pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry. The PA modified MCC, which was prepared at 90 °C, 50%PA and 1:3 weight ratio of MCC to PA, exhibited early thermal dehydration with rapid char formation as well as low heat release capability. This work suggests a novel strategy for the phosphorylation of cellulose using PA and reveals that the PA phosphorylated MCC can act as a promising flame retardant material.

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