GEOMETRY APPLICATION EVOLUTION - FROM RESEARCH TO INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OVER TWO DECADES

Digitalisation is making significant inroads into society at the same time as the general commercial trend is to able to personalise the product one acquires. The field of digital product representation, and the techniques for adopting a particular product in accordance with the customer's expectations, have become very important corporate assets. From a company's perspective these assets can be leveraged both for internal efficiency and also for different types of external customer interactions. In this article, the standpoint is that product geometry forms the foundation for digital product representation. It is from this perspective that the geometrical ecosystem comes into focus. Geometry creation and geometry consumption, in combination with geometrical configuration management, are high-value areas that must be mastered. A research-based 20-year industrial perspective building up such capabilities serves as an example. The article concludes with a forward-looking perspective on potential areas for continued exploration on this journey.

The categorization of geometric objects in 3D and 2D contexts depends on invariant referents

The categorization of geometric objects is one of the most fundamental problems all intelligent systems have to deal with in dynamic environments in which objects’ geometrical configuration constantly changes. Animals, including humans, do not treat all geometrical differences equally: they ignore some geometrical features when it comes to generalization but not others. So far, no theory has been presented that explains this cognitive phenomenon. We here propose and empirically test such a theory. The theory identifies and relies on the invariant referents existing in 3D (i.e., gravity) and 2D (e.g., any 2D frame) environments to predict the geometrical differences reasoners consider as important or irrelevant for object categorization. We test and confirm a novel central prediction of the theory, namely that human reasoners categorize objects differently in 3D and 2D environments. These findings cast new light on core cognitive abilities that minds use to make sense of the world.

The categorization of geometric objects in 3D and 2D contexts depends on invariant referents

The categorization of geometric objects is one of the most fundamental problems all intelligent systems have to deal with in dynamic environments in which objects' geometrical configuration constantly changes. Animals, including humans, do not treat all geometrical differences equally: they ignore some geometrical features when it comes to generalization but not others. So far, no theory has been presented that explains this cognitive phenomenon. We here propose and empirically test such a theory. The theory identifies and relies on the invariant referents existing in 3D (i.e., gravity) and 2D (e.g., any 2D frame) environments to predict the geometrical differences reasoners consider as important or irrelevant for object categorization. We test and confirm a novel central prediction of the theory, namely that human reasoners categorize objects differently in 3D and 2D environments. These findings cast new light on core cognitive abilities that minds use to make sense of the world.

Temperature adjusted cross section libraries used for criticality calculations

The change in the temperature of the nuclear reactor components (fuel, moderator, coolant, and structural materials) is considered to be a significant source of reactivity variation. This change must be taken in account during criticality calculations for safety analysis of the reactor. Hence, the exact representation of temperature in the calculations is very important. In this paper, two PWR assemblies are simulated, solid 16 ⨯ 16 and annular 12 ⨯ 12 fuel assemblies. The infinite multiplication factor and its temperature dependent parameters are calculated for both fuel assemblies. Adjusted temperature dependent libraries are created using makxsf code to exactly represent the different temperature values used in the calculations. It is shown that the results obtained using adjusted cross section libraries are more reliable. The two fuel assembly types follow the same behavior despite the differences in their geometrical configuration. The introduction of annular fuel has a very small effect on the investigated neutronic parameters because the moderator to fuel ratio is preserved.

Numerical optimization for the geometrical configuration of ceramics perform in ZTAP/HCCI wear resistant composites based on actual particle model

In order to reduce the thermal stress in high chromium cast iron (HCCI) matrix composites reinforced by zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA) ceramic particles, finite element simulation is performed to optimize the geometrical configuration of ceramics perform. The previous model simplifies the overall structure of the ceramic particle preform and adds boundary conditions to simulate the particles, which will cause uncontrollable error in the results. In this work, the equivalent grain models are used to describe the actual preform, making the simulation results closer to the actual experimental results. The solidification process of composite material is simulated and the infiltration between molten iron and ceramic particles was realized. Thermal stress in solidification process and compression stress distribution are obtained. The results show that adding 10mm round holes on the preform can improve the performance of the composite, which is helpful to prevent the cracks and increases the plasticity of the material.

Numerical Determination of Critical Configuration for Mechanical Properties of Metallic Glasses with Notches

A numerical study based on a revised free-volume theory was carried out to determine the critical configuration for mechanical properties in metallic glass with notches. Firstly, parameters being used in constitutive laws were developed and validated to quantitatively describe the asymmetry of tension and compression. Then, systematical simulations under compressive loadings were performed on samples where different horizontal width and vertical distance of two adjacent notches were designed. Engineering stress-strain curves, global strength and uniform elongation were plotted against individual geometrical configuration. Analyses were carried out to reveal the shear banding process of different samples by means of free-volume distribution obtained by simulations. Conclusive illustration recommended a geometrical configuration by which notched samples could display a remarkable plasticity and high strength. It is helpful to material fabrication for metallic glass based porous materials.

Numerical Analysis of the Hydrogen Dispersion Behavior in Different Directions in a Naturally Ventilated Space

Studies on hydrogen leakage have mainly focused on the influences of location and geometrical configuration on the distribution of the hydrogen in various spaces. The present study developed a simplified model for the leakage diffusion of hydrogen in an enclosed cuboid space with two vents, at the top and at the bottom, respectively. The effect of different leakage positions on the diffusion of the hydrogen was analyzed. The results showed that when hydrogen diffused vertically from the bottom to the top of the space, the farther the leakage position was from the vent on the side wall, the more hydrogen accumulated. When the hydrogen leaked in the vertical direction from the floor, the distance between the leakage position and the bottom vent had little effect on the horizontal diffusion speed of the hydrogen at the top of the space. The diffusion speed for the leakage in the horizontal direction was faster than that in the vertical direction. When the hydrogen leaked in the horizontal direction from the side wall, the height of the leakage had little effect on the horizontal diffusion speed of the hydrogen at the top of the space. Stratification occurred for models set up in the present study whenever the envelope of 1% mole fraction, or 4% mole fraction, of hydrogen extended to the whole ceiling.