REM Bursts and REM Sleep following Visual and Auditory Learning

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 69-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.J. Verschoor ◽  
T.L Holdstock
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Stage ◽  
Visual Learning ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Auditory Learning ◽  
Learning Group ◽  
The Third ◽  
Student Volunteers

In the investigation of pre-sleep variables that affect sleep stage distribution and eye movement bursts during the rapid eye movement (REM) stage of sleep, 24 paid student volunteers slept three nights in the laboratory. Preceding sleep on the third night they underwent a four-hour learning task which involved either visual learning (Group VL), minimal visual learning (Group MVL), auditory learning (Group AL) or minimal auditory learning (Group MAL). Groups VL and AL showed significantly greater increases in percentage REM sleep than groups MVL and MAL from the control to the experimental night, while groups VL and MVL showed greater increases in rapid eye movement bursts occurring during REM than groups AL and MAL from control to experimental night. These results were interpreted to support the notion that memory consolidation occurs during REM sleep. It was speculated that actual eye movements represent a sensory scanning process of pre-sleep events.

scholarly journals Why Are Seizures Rare in Rapid Eye Movement Sleep? Review of the Frequency of Seizures in Different Sleep Stages

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Ng ◽  
Milena Pavlova
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Sleep Stage ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Seizure Freedom ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Focal Seizures ◽  
Generalized Seizures ◽  
Interictal Discharges

Since the formal characterization of sleep stages, there have been reports that seizures may preferentially occur in certain phases of sleep. Through ascending cholinergic connections from the brainstem, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is physiologically characterized by low voltage fast activity on the electroencephalogram, REMs, and muscle atonia. Multiple independent studies confirm that, in REM sleep, there is a strikingly low proportion of seizures (~1% or less). We review a total of 42 distinct conventional and intracranial studies in the literature which comprised a net of 1458 patients. Indexed to duration, we found that REM sleep was the most protective stage of sleep against focal seizures, generalized seizures, focal interictal discharges, and two particular epilepsy syndromes. REM sleep had an additional protective effect compared to wakefulness with an average 7.83 times fewer focal seizures, 3.25 times fewer generalized seizures, and 1.11 times fewer focal interictal discharges. In further studies REM sleep has also demonstrated utility in localizing epileptogenic foci with potential translation into postsurgical seizure freedom. Based on emerging connectivity data in sleep, we hypothesize that the influence of REM sleep on seizures is due to a desynchronized EEG pattern which reflects important connectivity differences unique to this sleep stage.

Coronary and total peripheral resistance changes during sleep in a porcine model

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (2) ◽  
pp. H723-H729 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Zinkovska ◽  
E. K. Rodriguez ◽  
D. A. Kirby
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Total Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Sleep Stage ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Autonomic Tone ◽  
Awake State

Changes in autonomic tone in the vasculature during sleep may have important implications for silent ischemia and sudden cardiac death. Few models exist in which both cardiac output and coronary blood flow are continuously measured during natural sleep and autonomic mechanisms are assessed. Catheters were chronically implanted in the aorta to measure mean arterial pressure (MAP), and flow probes were placed on the ascending aorta and the circumflex coronary artery of 18 pigs. Electrodes determined sleep stage as either non-rapid eye movement (NREM) or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The MAP was 73 +/- 3 mmHg in the quiet awake state, did not change in NREM, and decreased to 64 +/- 2 mmHg in REM sleep (P < 0.05). In NREM sleep, heart rate did not change from awake state values of 136 +/- 8 beats/min but increased by 5 beats/min in REM sleep (P < 0.05). Coronary vascular resistance decreased from awake state values of 2.7 +/- 0.2 to 2.2 +/- 0.2 mmHg.ml-1.min in REM (P < 0.05); total peripheral resistance decreased from awake values of 0.061 +/- 0.004 mmHg.ml-1.min to 0.050 +/- 0.003 in REM sleep (P < 0.05). Those changes appear to have been mediated primarily by reduction of alpha-adrenergic activity. Spectral analysis of heart rate suggests that power in the high-frequency range (a presumed indicator of parasympathetic tone) was lower in REM sleep than NREM sleep.

Cluster headache shows no association with rapid eye movement sleep

Cephalalgia ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 289-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Zaremba ◽  
Dagny Holle ◽  
Thomas E Wessendorf ◽  
Hans C Diener ◽  
Zaza Katsarava ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Headache ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Stage ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Sleep State ◽  
Wake Time

Background: The connection of cluster headache (CH) attacks with rapid eye movement (REM) sleep has been suggested by various studies, while other authors challenge this assumption. We performed serial polysomnography to determine the association of nocturnal CH attacks and sleep. Methods: Five patients diagnosed with CH (two with the episodic and three with the chronic subtype) were included and studied over four consecutive nights to evaluate connections between attacks onset and sleep stage. Results: Twenty typical CH attacks were reported. Thirteen of these attacks arose from sleep. Seven attacks were reported after waking in the morning or shortly before going to sleep. The beginnings of sleep-related attacks were distributed arbitrarily between different non-REM sleep stages. No association of CH attacks with REM or sleep disordered breathing was observed. Increased heart rate temporally associated with transition from one sleep state to another was observed before patients awoke with headache. Total sleep time, total wake time, arousal index and distribution of non-REM sleep stages were different between chronic and episodic CH. Conclusion: CH attacks are not associated with REM sleep. Brain regions involved in sleep stage transition might be involved in pathophysiology of CH. Differences in sleep characteristics between subgroups might indicate adaptation processes or underlying pathophysiology.

Geniohyoid muscle activity in normal men during wakefulness and sleep

1990 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 1262-1269 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Wiegand ◽  
B. Latz ◽  
C. W. Zwillich ◽  
L. Wiegand
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Sleep Stage ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Nasal Breathing ◽  
Sleep Study ◽  
Pharyngeal Airway ◽  
Normal Men

Reduction in the activity of upper airway "dilator" muscles during sleep may allow the pharyngeal airway to collapse in some individuals. However, quantitative studies concerning the effect of sleep on specific upper airway muscles that may influence pharyngeal patency are sparse and inconclusive. We studied seven normal men (mean age 27, range 22-37 yr) during a single nocturnal sleep study and recorded sleep staging parameters, ventilation, and geniohyoid muscle electromyogram (EMGgh) during nasal breathing throughout the night. Anatomic landmarks for placement of intramuscular geniohyoid recording electrodes were determined from a cadaver study. These landmarks were used in percutaneous placement of wire electrodes, and raw and moving-time-averaged EMGgh activities were recorded. Sleep stage was determined using standard criteria. Stable periods of wakefulness and non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) and rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep were selected for analysis. The EMGgh exhibited phasic inspiratory activity during wakefulness and sleep in all subjects. In six of seven subjects, mean and peak inspiratory EMGgh activities were significant (P less than 0.05) reduced during stages 2 and 3/4 NREM sleep and REM sleep compared with wakefulness. This reduction of EMGgh activity was shown to result from a sleep-related decline in the level of tonic muscle activity. Phasic inspiratory EMGgh activity during all stages of sleep was not significantly different from that during wakefulness. Of interest, tonic, phasic, and peak EMGgh activities were not significantly reduced during REM sleep compared with any other sleep stage in any subject. In addition, the slope of onset of phasic EMGgh activity was not different during stage 2 NREM and REM sleep compared with wakefulness in these subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cerebral O2 metabolism and cerebral blood flow in humans during deep and rapid-eye-movement sleep

1991 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 2597-2601 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Madsen ◽  
J. F. Schmidt ◽  
G. Wildschiodtz ◽  
L. Friberg ◽  
S. Holm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Stage ◽  
Deep Sleep ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
State Changes ◽  
Gas Measurements

It could be expected that the various stages of sleep were reflected in variation of the overall level of cerebral activity and thereby in the magnitude of cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) and cerebral blood flow (CBF). The elusive nature of sleep imposes major methodological restrictions on examination of this question. We have now measured CBF and CMRO2 in young healthy volunteers using the Kety-Schmidt technique with 133Xe as the inert gas. Measurements were performed during wakefulness, deep sleep (stage 3/4), and rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep as verified by standard polysomnography. Contrary to the only previous study in humans, which reported an insignificant 3% reduction in CMRO2 during sleep, we found a deep-sleep-associated statistically highly significant 25% decrease in CMRO2, a magnitude of depression according with studies of glucose uptake and reaching levels otherwise associated with light anesthesia. During REM sleep (dream sleep) CMRO2 was practically the same as in the awake state. Changes in CBF paralleled changes in CMRO2 during both deep and REM sleep.

scholarly journals Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in sleep-disordered patients: relation to sleep stage N3 and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep across diagnostic entities

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Deuschle ◽  
Michael Schredl ◽  
Christian Wisch ◽  
Claudia Schilling ◽  
Maria Gilles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Sleep Stage ◽  
Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Daily Rapid-Eye Movement Sleep and Cognitive Functioning in Older Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 159-159
Author(s):  
Tiana Broen ◽  
Tomiko Yoneda ◽  
Jonathan Rush ◽  
Jamie Knight ◽  
Nathan Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Cognitive Tests ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Previous cross-sectional research suggests that age-related decreases in Rapid-Eye Movement (REM) sleep may contribute to poorer cognitive functioning (CF); however, few studies have examined the relationship at the intraindividual level by measuring habitual sleep over multiple days. Applying a 14-day daily diary design, the current study examines the dynamic relationship between REM sleep and CF in 69 healthy older adults (M age=70.8 years, SD=3.37; 73.9% female; 66.6% completed at least an undergraduate degree). A Fitbit device provided actigraphy indices of REM sleep (minutes and percentage of total sleep time), while CF was measured four times daily on a smartphone via ambulatory cognitive tests that captured processing speed and working memory. This research addressed the following questions: At the within-person level, are fluctuations in quantity of REM sleep associated with fluctuations in next day cognitive measures across days? Do individuals who spend more time in REM sleep on average, perform better on cognitive tests than adults who spend less time in REM sleep? A series of multilevel models were fit to examine the extent to which each index of sleep accounted for daily fluctuations in performance on next day cognitive tests. Results indicated that during nights when individuals had more REM sleep minutes than was typical, they performed better on the working memory task the next morning (estimate = -.003, SE = .002, p = .02). These results highlight the impact of REM sleep on CF, and further research may allow for targeted interventions for earlier treatment of sleep-related cognitive impairment.

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