Girls' Talk

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANNE CAMPBELL

The present study analyzes taperecorded accounts of fights given by female members of New York street gangs to fellow members. While such data may not be veridical, they can reveal much about the way aggression is socially represented to peers which in turn is likely to be constrained by gang norms about the propriety of aggressive behavior. Frequency data indicate that fights are not restricted to specifically female or gang member opponents, that the majority are one-on-one encounters and are a result of domestic and romantic disputes and matters of individual integrity rather than gangrelated issues. A principal components analysis reveals three interpretable factors; group—personal, weapon—no weapon and victim—nonvictim. The five major reasons for the physical aggression are most clearly differentiated by a joint consideration of Factors I and III. The importance of these factors is discussed with reference to the social acceptability of limiting the extent and seriousness of the encounter.

2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 903-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E McCann ◽  
John Weiner ◽  
Saxon Graham ◽  
Jo L Freudenheim

AbstractObjective:To assess the relative ability of principal components analysis (PCA)-derived dietary patterns to correctly identify cases and controls compared with other methods of characterising food intake.Subjects:Participants in this study were 232 endometrial cancer cases and 639 controls from the Western New York Diet Study, 1986–1991, frequency-matched to cases on age and county of residence.Design:Usual intake in the year preceding interview of 190 foods and beverages was collected during a personal interview using a detailed food-frequency questionnaire. Principal components analysis identified two major dietary patterns which we labelled ‘healthy’ and ‘high fat’. Classification on disease status was assessed with separate discriminant analyses (DAs) for four different characterisation schemes: stepwise DA of 168 food items to identify the subset of foods that best discriminated between cases and controls; foods associated with each PCA-derived dietary pattern; fruits and vegetables (47 items); and stepwise DA of USDA-defined food groups (fresh fruit, canned/frozen fruit, raw vegetables, cooked vegetables, red meat, poultry, fish and seafood, processed meats, snacks and sweets, grain products, dairy, and fats).Results:In general, classification of disease status was somewhat better among cases (54.7% to 67.7%) than controls (54.0% to 63.1%). Correct classification was highest for fruits and vegetables (67.7% and 62.9%, respectively) but comparable to that of the other schemes (49.5% to 66.8%).Conclusions:Our results suggest that the use of principal components analysis to characterise dietary behaviour may not provide substantial advantages over more commonly used, less sophisticated methods of characterising diet.


2012 ◽  
pp. 143-177
Author(s):  
Paolo Mattana

This contribution brings to the attention of the scientific community some of the results developed by the Evaluation Unit of the Regional Administration of Sardinia, regarding plausibility and effectiveness profiles of the actions undertaken in the social exclusion area based on the 2000-2006 European Funding. After obtaining a picture of the phenomena by means of a Principal Components Analysis on available data, we observe many critical points regarding the devising and effectiveness of the policy. First of all, there appears no matching between the municipalities benefitting of the program and the intensity of the phenomena. Furthermore, perhaps because of the scarcity of available funds, we find that the Heckman (1979) two-stage procedure does not signal the policy as effective in affecting the performance of the municipalities in the control of the social exclusion phenomena.


2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 149-149
Author(s):  
Chris Gambino ◽  
Elizabeth M Brownawell ◽  
Elizabeth A Hines

Abstract Studies on the social-psychological framework known as farmer identity have been conducted in the US, EU, and Australia. The focus of these studies is on understanding how farmer beliefs (i.e. Identities) translate into on-farm practices. For example, in 2015, Iowa farmers were surveyed and four identities emerged when asked which items were important to being a “Good Farmer.” Those identities were used to predict the support of soil and/or water policies in the state. Here, for the first time, we explore the identities of livestock producers. Specifically, Pennsylvania swine producer identities. Data were collected as part of a state-wide biosecurity survey. Eighty-four respondents answered some part of the survey, while 50 respondents completed all 31 items of the “Good Producer” question. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to explore producer perception of a good producer (i.e. producer identities). Using the Kaiser-Meyer-Okin Measure (KMO=0.532) and Barrtlett’s Test of Sphericity (sig. = 0.000) we determined PCA results to be acceptable for exploratory purposes. Five producer identities (friendly conservationist, civically-savvy, willing naturalist, productivist, and appearance-minded) were identified, explaining 58.15% of the variance in these data. Reliability analysis confirmed the strength of items defining each component (i.e. identity). These identities are being used in discussion with PA swine producers to understand how producers self-identify. These identities will be used to predict whether a producer has a formal biosecurity plan written.


Koedoe ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L Penzhorn

The social structure of Cape mountain zebras con- sists of breeding herds of one stallion, one to five mares and their offspring, as well as bachelor groups. Breeding herds remain stable over many years and when the stallion is displaced by another, the mares remain together. A dominance hierarchy exists, but leadership is random. Foals leave their maternal herds at a mean age of 22,3 months. The herd stallion tries to prevent the foals from leaving the herd. Bachelor groups are not as well defined as breeding herds, but core groups could be identified through a principal components analysis ordination. Family ties may be important in the establishment of core groups. Bachelors succeed in becoming herd stallions when about five years old. Aspects of the possible evolution of the social structure are discussed.


2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 989-997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E McCann ◽  
James R Marshall ◽  
John R Brasure ◽  
Saxon Graham ◽  
Jo L Freudenheim

AbstractObjective:To assess the effect of different methods of classifying food use on principal components analysis (PCA)-derived dietary patterns, and the subsequent impact on estimation of cancer risk associated with the different patterns.Methods:Dietary data were obtained from 232 endometrial cancer cases and 639 controls (Western New York Diet Study) using a 190-item semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Dietary patterns were generated using PCA and three methods of classifying food use: 168 single foods and beverages; 56 detailed food groups, foods and beverages; and 36 less-detailed groups and single food items.Results:Classification method affected neither the number nor character of the patterns identified. However, total variance explained in food use increased as the detail included in the PCA decreased (~8%, 168 items to ~17%, 36 items). Conversely, reduced detail in PCA tended to attenuate the odds ratio (OR) associated with the healthy patterns (OR 0.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.35–0.84 and OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.49–1.20, 168 and 36 items, respectively) but not the high-fat patterns (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.57–1.58 and OR 0.85, 0.51–1.40, 168 and 36 items, respectively).Conclusions:Greater detail in food-use information may be desirable in determination of dietary patterns for more precise estimates of disease risk.


1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa R. St. Hilaire ◽  
Donald J. Leopold

This study addressed how microsite conditions may affect tree regeneration in a forested minerotrophic peatland in central New York. The objectives were to (i) determine the microsite associations, especially the bryophyte component, of Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill., Thujaoccidentalis L., Tsugacanadensis (L.) Carr., and Pinusstrobus L. seedlings and (ii) determine if different bryophyte substrates affect germination of A. balsamea, Thujaoccidentalis, and P. strobus, and first-year survival of A. balsamea and P. strobus. Principal components analysis revealed that seedling groups overlap in habitat, but separate from random sites based on a second axis related to microtopography. Germination experiments indicate that A. balsamea and P. strobus germinate better on Hypnumimponens than on Hylocomiumsplendens and Sphagnumgirgensohnii in the field, but not in the greenhouse. First-year survival differed little on the different mosses.


Zootaxa ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 1113 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROBERT E. SCHMIDT ◽  
ROBERT A. DANIELS

We document the occurrence of a natural hybrid between the Eastern Mudminnow, Umbra pygmaea (DeKay 1842) and the Central Mudminnow, U. limi (Kirtland 1840). Hybrid individuals were collected in a supratidal pool in a fresh-tidal marsh in the Hudson River, New York. ANOVA, ANCOVA, principal components analysis, and discriminant function analysis of meristics and morphometrics showed that the hybrids were distinguishable from the parental species and were generally intermediate between them. The tidal Hudson River is the only place these species are sympatric, and hybridization must have occurred within the last several decades. We designate neotypes for Umbra pygmaea and Umbra limi.


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