How effective are mobility subsidies in targeting the unemployed? Lessons from the Swedish Model, 1965–1975

2021 ◽  
pp. 0143831X2110478
Author(s):  
Jakob Molinder
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Unemployment ◽  
Strong Selection ◽  
Swedish Model ◽  
Recent Graduates ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Unemployed

The Swedish Model on the labor market has been celebrated as a way to combine mobility with low unemployment and small wage gaps. As part of the model, relocation allowances were pioneered from the late 1950s. The program expanded thereafter and as much as 1% of the population in the high-unemployment north moved with assistance in the 1960s. Today, migration incentives are discussed to address pressing unemployment problems in Europe and the United States. What can Sweden’s experience tell us about the prospects of such programs? This article studies the usage of relocation allowances through a case study of Västernorrland County from 1965 to 1975. The analysis shows that there was a strong selection into the program by younger persons, recent graduates and from sectors with good employment prospects. The experience from Sweden highlights the difficulty of implementing programs to induce migration for those with the highest risk of unemployment.

Development of the Medical Interpreting Profession in the US

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Holly M. Mikkelson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
The Us ◽  
Medical Interpreters ◽  
Medical Interpreting ◽  
Further Development

This chapter traces the development of the medical interpreting profession in the United States as a case study. It begins with the conception of interpreters as volunteer helpers or dual-role medical professionals who happened to have some knowledge of languages other than English. Then it examines the emergence of training programs for medical interpreters, incipient efforts to impose standards by means of certification tests, the role of government in providing language access in health care, and the beginning of a labor market for paid medical interpreters. The chapter concludes with a description of the current situation of professional medical interpreting in the United States, in terms of training, certification and the labor market, and makes recommendations for further development.

United States Vagrancy Laws

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Risa L. Goluboff ◽  
Adam Sorensen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Fabric ◽  
American Law ◽  
American Society ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Many ◽  
Social Upheaval ◽  
The Unemployed

The crime of vagrancy has deep historical roots in American law and legal culture. Originating in 16th-century England, vagrancy laws came to the New World with the colonists and soon proliferated throughout the British colonies and, later, the United States. Vagrancy laws took myriad forms, generally making it a crime to be poor, idle, dissolute, immoral, drunk, lewd, or suspicious. Vagrancy laws often included prohibitions on loitering—wandering around without any apparent lawful purpose—though some jurisdictions criminalized loitering separately. Taken together, vaguely worded vagrancy, loitering, and suspicious persons laws targeted objectionable “out of place” people rather than any particular conduct. They served as a ubiquitous tool for maintaining hierarchy and order in American society. Their application changed alongside perceived threats to the social fabric, at different times and places targeting the unemployed, labor activists, radical orators, cultural and sexual nonconformists, racial and religious minorities, civil rights protesters, and the poor. By the mid-20th century, vagrancy laws served as the basis for hundreds of thousands of arrests every year. But over the course of just two decades, the crime of vagrancy, virtually unquestioned for four hundred years, unraveled. Profound social upheaval in the 1960s produced a concerted effort against the vagrancy regime, and in 1972, the US Supreme Court invalidated the laws. Local authorities have spent the years since looking for alternatives to the many functions vagrancy laws once served.

Using State Workforce Data to Report Graduate Outcomes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt Bryant
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Survey Methodology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Employment Outcomes ◽  
Sample Sizes ◽  
Recent Graduates ◽  
Western Washington ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
Washington University

Survey methodology is the dominant approach among universities in the United States for reporting employment outcomes for recent graduates. However, past studies have shown that survey methodology may yield upwardly biased results, which can result in overreporting of employment rates and salary outcomes. This case study describes the development and application of an alternative reporting methodology, by which state wage records are analyzed to determine employment and salary outcomes for recent graduates. Findings at Western Washington University suggest the significant sample sizes that can be achieved using wage record methodology may provide a more reliable option than survey methodology for accurately reporting graduate outcomes.

scholarly journals Preservation Of A Time-Based Media Installation : A Case Study of George Eastman House 1968 and 2008 Exhibitions, Conscience The Ultimate Weapon

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Carver-Kubik
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fine Art ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Political Context ◽  
Political Dissent ◽  
Photographic Print ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Public Demonstrations

In July of 1968, George Eastman House opened Conscience the Ultimate Weapon (Conscience), an innovative audio-visual installation consisting of projected images dissolving from one to the next, accompanied by a synchronized soundtrack. Under the direction of Nathan Lyons, curator at George Eastman House from 1959 to 1969, the exhibition projected 780 photojournalistic images by Benedict J. Fernandez III, depicting protests and public demonstrations that affirmed political dissent throughout the United States during the 1960s. This provocative, political, and ultimately controversial exhibition was firmly grounded in the conflicts of the time. Further, it challenged the exhibition standards of an institution that was known primarily for the promotion of the photograph as fine art and the celebration of the photographic print. In 2008, George Eastman House created an interpretation of this historically important exhibition using modern technology within a contemporary social and political context. Through a case study comparing the 1968 George Eastman House exhibition, Conscience, with the 2008 interpretation of Conscience, this paper will provide an analysis of the preservation issues surrounding these time-based media installations.

scholarly journals Preservation Of A Time-Based Media Installation : A Case Study of George Eastman House 1968 and 2008 Exhibitions, Conscience The Ultimate Weapon

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Carver-Kubik
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fine Art ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Political Context ◽  
Political Dissent ◽  
Photographic Print ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Public Demonstrations

In July of 1968, George Eastman House opened Conscience the Ultimate Weapon (Conscience), an innovative audio-visual installation consisting of projected images dissolving from one to the next, accompanied by a synchronized soundtrack. Under the direction of Nathan Lyons, curator at George Eastman House from 1959 to 1969, the exhibition projected 780 photojournalistic images by Benedict J. Fernandez III, depicting protests and public demonstrations that affirmed political dissent throughout the United States during the 1960s. This provocative, political, and ultimately controversial exhibition was firmly grounded in the conflicts of the time. Further, it challenged the exhibition standards of an institution that was known primarily for the promotion of the photograph as fine art and the celebration of the photographic print. In 2008, George Eastman House created an interpretation of this historically important exhibition using modern technology within a contemporary social and political context. Through a case study comparing the 1968 George Eastman House exhibition, Conscience, with the 2008 interpretation of Conscience, this paper will provide an analysis of the preservation issues surrounding these time-based media installations.

Unemployment among Black Youths, Demographics, and Crime

1981 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen D. Calvin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Street Crime ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Employment Programs ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Age Range ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
Incorrect Data

Because of their lack or misuse of information on unemployment rates, demographics, and crime rates of black youths in the United States, a number of prominent urban theorists have drawn erroneous conclusions regarding the interrelationship among these factors. An analysis of the following statements shows them to be based on incorrect data or faulty interpretation. (1) Unemployment rates for black youths dropped in the 1960s. (2) Crime will decrease significantly in the 1980s because there will be fewer youths in the critical crime-prone age range. (3) The simultaneous improvement in the economic condition of blacks in the 1960s and rapid rise in the crime rate indicates that there is no immediate relationship between economic factors and crime, at least among blacks. (4) With re spect to street crime, there is something inherent in the black culture that differentiates it from other cultures in the United States. A reexamination of the data shows that crime by black youths does bear a close relationship with prevailing economic conditions. Employment programs concentrated on this subgroup of the unemployed make more sense as a crime preven tion tactic than do the more punitive measures currently fashionable.

scholarly journals Unemployment and Labor Market Rigidities: Europe versus North America

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 55-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Nickell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
North America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Labor Market Institutions ◽  
Market Institutions ◽  
High Unemployment ◽  
Labor Market Rigidities

The received wisdom tells us that the rigidity and inflexibility of European job markets relative to that in the United States is the reason why Europe has high unemployment. This paper argues that this broad brush analysis is simply too vague to be useful. Indeed it is probably positively misleading. Many labor market institutions that conventionally come under the heading of rigidities have no observable impact on unemployment and may otherwise serve a useful purpose.

scholarly journals The History of Quantification in History: The JIH as a Case Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-381
Author(s):  
Steven Ruggles ◽  
Diana L. Magnuson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
The United States ◽  
Editorial Policies ◽  
Dramatic Decline ◽  
Boom And Bust ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S

The use of quantitative methods in leading historical journals increased dramatically in the 1960s and declined sharply after the mid-1980s. The JIH is an invaluable source for analysis of the boom and bust in the use of quantitative methods in history; the journal remained under the same editors for almost fifty years and made no attempt to change editorial policies during that period. Shifting patterns of content and authorship in the JIH from the 1980s to the early 2000s reveal how the journal responded to a dramatic decline in quantitative submissions by U.S.-based historians. Recent years have seen a revival of quantification both in the JIH and in mainstream historical journals, especially among historians located at institutions outside the United States.

Aligning Hare Krishna

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-58
Author(s):  
E. Burke Rochford
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Religious Movements ◽  
Frame Alignment ◽  
The North ◽  
Hare Krishna ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Communicative Processes

The underlying premise of this case study of the growth and development of the Hare Krishna movement is that frame alignment is a necessary, but largely unexplored, element in recruitment to religious movements. Attention is given here to the interactive and communicative processes used by ISKCON members in the United States as they strategically sought to align the practices, goals and beliefs of the movement with the unconventional interests and perspectives of recruits from the 1960s counterculture. The alignment processes described here represent attempts to gain the provisional interest of potential recruits. Whether successful or not, the alignment strategies helped define the Hare Krishna movement in America. As the counterculture declined in the mid-1970s, however, the leadership turned to a new constituent base of Hindu immigrants from India to secure the movement’s future. This required new forms of alignment that contributed to the Hinduization of the North American Hare Krishna movement.

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