To Whom Do We Confide Our Secrets?

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 1008-1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L. Slepian ◽  
James N. Kirby
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Prior Work ◽  
Social Rules ◽  
Secret Keeping ◽  
Peer Reports

Although prior work has examined secret keeping, no prior work has examined who gets told secrets. Five studies find compassion and assertiveness predict having secrets confided in oneself (as determined by both self- and peer reports), whereas enthusiasm and politeness were associated with having fewer secrets confided. These results bolster suggestions that interpersonal aspects of personality (which can fit a circumplex structure) are driven by distinct causal forces. While both related to agreeableness, compassion (empathy and desire to help) predicts being confided in more, whereas politeness (concern with social norms and social rules) predicts being confided in less. Likewise, while both related to extraversion, assertiveness (having the agency and drive to help) predicts being confided in more, whereas enthusiasm (positive sociality) predicts being confided in less.

The pervasive structure of society

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 888-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Syme
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Social Rules ◽  
Everyday Lives ◽  
Governmental Institutions ◽  
Individual Justice

What does it mean to say that the demands of justice are institutional rather than individual? Justice is often thought to be directly concerned only with governmental institutions rather than individuals’ everyday, legally permissible actions. This approach has been criticized for ignoring the relevance to justice of informal social norms. This paper defends the idea that justice is distinctively institutional but rejects the primacy of governmental institutions. I argue that the ‘pervasive structure of society’ is the site of justice and injustice. It includes all widely enforced social rules and norms, governmental and otherwise, such as informal norms of gender, language and class, and provides a revisionary foundation for the theoretical elucidation and practical pursuit of justice. It provides a framework for evaluating the ways in which people can and should promote justice in their everyday lives.

scholarly journals Emotional Conflicts and Coping Strategies: The Case of Life Insurance Agents in China

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sixin Sheng
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Life Insurance ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Social Rules ◽  
Service Workers ◽  
Insurance Agents ◽  
Emotional Conflicts ◽  
And Coping ◽  
Post Industrial

Through analysing Chinese life insurance agents’ emotional conflicts and coping strategies, this study tries to reveal organization and work’s impact on the agents. Because organizational and working rules are often inconsistent with social norms and personal feelings, life insurance agents easily experience negative emotions and conflicts. Various strategies that make efforts to solve this kind of conflict may trigger off some new emotional problems, and they probably make agents’ emotional conflicts worse as well. In a way, emotional alienation has become a necessity for service workers in the post-industrial society, and that means individuals’ emotions and regulations are subject to the demand of organization and work, but deviate from themselves and social rules.

Introduction: Law as a Means of Exclusion

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-18
Author(s):  
Marie-Andrée Bertrand
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Canadian Journal ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Law And Society ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Social Rules ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Judicial Decisions ◽  
Sharp Focus ◽  
Legislative Agenda

In our call for papers for this special issue of the Canadian Journal of Law and Society on “Law as a factor of exclusion,” we announced that we were seeking contributions on the discriminatory and exclusionary power of legal and non-legal norms and institutions. We also intimated that the use of historical approaches might prove revealing in analyses of statutes and other legislation, especially for their potential to uncover otherwise hidden legislative agenda.The articles in this issue of the Journal meet and surpass our expectations. Each of the authors brings into sharp focus the central issues at stake in the announced theme. While the majority of the contributions take legislation and judicial decisions as their primary material, some are directed to exploring non-legal norms and social rules. Moreover, even in those contributions taking the state law as their object, the authors display a keen awareness of the power of social norms and social institutions; one of these deals specifically with the practices of the legal profession and the legal academy. Nearly all of the authors historicize their subject.

On the Identification and Analysis of Social Norms and the Heuristic Relevance of Deviant Behaviour

2019 ◽  
pp. 101-120
Author(s):  
Karl Mertens
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Animal Behaviour ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Deviant Behaviour ◽  
Social Rules ◽  
Social Reactions ◽  
Its Analysis ◽  
Institutional Norms

The chapter shows that a conceptual and phenomenologically grounded approach to social norms provides useful insights into the question of whether normativity is an exclusively human phenomenon. Social norms are to be distinguished from social rules like conventions, customs, moral norms, and institutional norms. The exact character of social norms is revealed most clearly in cases of transgression, i.e. by considering social reactions to persons disobeying or violating what is requested on a normative level. In these contexts, it also becomes clear that one becomes explicitly aware of pre-existing social norms through sanctions against norm-deviant behaviour. Since sanctions need not be verbal, they make it possible to consider cases of social normativity also in the area of animal behaviour. In its analysis of norm-deviant behaviour, the chapter integrates both holistic and individualistic methodologies.

Deskripsi Penerapan Kaidah Konsumsi Islami Menurut Al-Haritsi Pada Anggota Paguyuban Cak dan Ning Surabaya 2015

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 128
Author(s):  
Andrew Hermawan ◽  
Fatin Fadhilah Hasib
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Qualitative Data Analysis ◽  
Social Rules ◽  
Behavior Theory ◽  
Consumption Behavior ◽  
Participative Approach ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

The aim of this research is to describe the behavior of the member of Cak dan Ning Surabaya association in 2015 based on the Islamic consumption behavior theory Al-Haritsi, namely, syari’ah rules, quantity rules, social rules and environmental rules. This study is using descriptive qualitative participative approach to conduct the goals. The units of the analysis in this study are the rule of syari’ah rules, quantity rules, social rules and environmental rules. There are three informants involved in this study who are also the members of the association of Cak and Ning Surabaya 2015. Data triangulation technique is used to ascertain the quality and consistency of data. The technique of analysis which is used is qualitative data analysis according to Miles and Huberman. The results showed that members of the association have implemented syari’ah rules, also apply most of the rules of quantity, social norms, and implementing environmental rules.

scholarly journals It's not what you did, it's what you could have done

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regan Marjorie Bernhard ◽  
Hannah LeBaron ◽  
Jonathan Scott Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Prior Work ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Relevant Alternative ◽  
Prudential Value ◽  
Perceived Availability ◽  
High Level

We are more likely to judge agents as morally culpable after we learn they acted freely rather than under duress or coercion. Interestingly, the reverse is also true: Individuals are more likely to be judged to have acted freely after we learn that they committed a moral violation. Researchers have argued that morality affects judgments of force by making the alternative actions the agent could have done instead appear comparatively normal, which then increases the perceived availability of relevant alternative actions. Across four studies, we test the novel predictions of this account. We find that the degree to which participants view possible alternative actions as normal strongly predicts their perceptions that an agent acted freely. This pattern holds both for perceptions of descriptive normality (whether the actions are unusual) and prescriptive normality (whether the actions are good) and persists even when what is actually done is held constant. We also find that manipulating the prudential value of alternative actions or the degree to which alternatives adhere to social norms, has a similar effect to manipulating whether the actions or their alternatives violate moral norms, and that both effects are explained by changes in the perceived normality of the alternatives. Finally, we even find that evaluations of both the prescriptive and descriptive normality of alternative actions explains force judgments in response to moral violations. Together, these results suggest that across contexts, participants’ force judgments depend not on the morality of the actual action taken, but on the normality of possible alternatives. More broadly, our results build on prior work that suggests a unifying role of normality and counterfactuals across many areas of high-level human cognition.

scholarly journals That’s Mine! Learning Ownership Relations and Norms for Robots

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 8058-8065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi-Xuan Tan ◽  
Jake Brawer ◽  
Brian Scassellati
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Inference ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Real World ◽  
Autonomous Agents ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Social Rules ◽  
Exploratory Stage

The ability for autonomous agents to learn and conform to human norms is crucial for their safety and effectiveness in social environments. While recent work has led to frameworks for the representation and inference of simple social rules, research into norm learning remains at an exploratory stage. Here, we present a robotic system capable of representing, learning, and inferring ownership relations and norms. Ownership is represented as a graph of probabilistic relations between objects and their owners, along with a database of predicate-based norms that constrain the actions permissible on owned objects. To learn these norms and relations, our system integrates (i) a novel incremental norm learning algorithm capable of both one-shot learning and induction from specific examples, (ii) Bayesian inference of ownership relations in response to apparent rule violations, and (iii) perceptbased prediction of an object’s likely owners. Through a series of simulated and real-world experiments, we demonstrate the competence and flexibility of the system in performing object manipulation tasks that require a variety of norms to be followed, laying the groundwork for future research into the acquisition and application of social norms.

Cooperation and obligation in early parent-child relationships

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross A. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Moral Psychology ◽  
Close Relationships ◽  
Social Agency ◽  
Infant Survival ◽  
Peer Experiences ◽  
Early Experiences ◽  
Early Parent ◽  
Collaborative Skills ◽  
Parent Child Relationships

Abstract Tomasello's moral psychology of obligation would be developmentally deepened by greater attention to early experiences of cooperation and shared social agency between parents and infants, evolved to promote infant survival. They provide a foundation for developing understanding of the mutual obligations of close relationships that contribute (alongside peer experiences) to growing collaborative skills, fairness expectations, and fidelity to social norms.

The Structure Among Measures of Personality, Social Attitudes, Values, and Social Norms

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 240-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lazar Stankov
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Correlation Matrix ◽  
Social Attitudes ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Factor Scores ◽  
Ethnic Group Differences ◽  
Inside Out

Abstract. This paper presents the results of a study that employed measures of personality, social attitudes, values, and social norms that have been the focus of recent research in individual differences. These measures were given to a sample of participants (N = 1,255) who were enrolled at 25 US colleges and universities. Factor analysis of the correlation matrix produced four factors. Three of these factors corresponded to the domains of Personality/Amoral Social Attitudes, Values, and Social Norms; one factor, Conservatism, cut across the domains. Cognitive ability showed negative correlation with conservatism and amoral social attitudes. The study also examined gender and ethnic group differences on factor scores. The overall interpretation of the findings is consistent with the inside-out view of human social interactions.

Accentuating Your Masculine Side

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chongzeng Bi ◽  
Oscar Ybarra ◽  
Yufang Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Agency And Communion

Recent research investigating self-judgment has shown that people are more likely to base their evaluations of self on agency-related traits than communion-related traits. In the present research, we tested the hypothesis that agency-related traits dominate self-evaluation by expanding the purview of the fundamental dimensions to consider characteristics typically studied in the gender-role literature, but that nevertheless should be related to agency and communion. Further, we carried out these tests on two samples from China, a cultural context that, relative to many Western countries, emphasizes the interpersonal or communion dimension. Despite the differences in traits used and cultural samples studied, the findings generally supported the agency dominates self-esteem perspective, albeit with some additional findings in Study 2. The findings are discussed with regard to the influence of social norms and the types of inferences people are able to draw about themselves given such norms.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document