On The Matter of Begging in Bulgarian Criminal Law

The article addresses two major problems: poverty and begging. Poverty is a state or condition in which a person lacks financial resources and essentials for a minimum standard of living. The deprivation of access to fresh water, food or sanitation forces people into carrying out various life-sustaining activities in public spaces. One of these activities is begging on the streets. Unfortunately, begging has been socially stigmatised in numerous European countries, including Bulgaria, as immoral and deviant behaviour. In Bulgaria, begging has been criminalised under Art. 329, Para. 2 of the Criminal Code. Nevertheless, the issue lies in the fact that criminalising begging will not put an end to poverty. On the contrary, it threatens the existence and the exercise of fundamental human rights, which is why legislators should reconsider the criminal policy and eventually decriminalise begging.

Case: Sharing Parts and Services Among NATO Members

NATO’s goals require close cooperation of Member States on operational readiness, interoperability of their systems, material supplies, transfer of technology and joint R&D projects. A common approach on the application and implementation of arms export controls, however, is largely lacking. This chapter questions the absence of application and implementation of arms export controls in the context of the material logistical support and services provided by the NATO Support and Procurement Agency (NSPA). Three root causes of deviant behaviour of the Member States with the arms export controls are identified and analysed: (1) fragmentation of the arms export control laws and regulations; (2) a lack of leadership commitment and organisational culture of compliance; and (3) a combination of external and internal pressures leads to a forced prioritization of operational readiness above compliance. Next, a response is formulated to effectively counter deviant behaviour such as non-compliance with arms export controls by implementing a mixture of soft and hard controls. We advise the NSPA to create a culture of compliance within the NATO Partnership Program’s community based on ethical values and virtues. This requires social consensus, leadership commitment and a common agreement on and formalization of the basic rules of export control.

How does Victim Precipitation Theory explain Deviant Behaviours of Internet Romance Offenders? Gamer’s Perspective of Victim Precipitation

Internet romance fraud is a global canker with severe consequences to the victims ranging from significant financial loss, emotional trauma, to loss of life and property. The paper examines how internet romance offenders rationalize their deviant criminal behaviours and how these criminals use victim precipitation to commit internet romance fraud. The three dimensions of victim precipitation theory in this study are victim facilitation, victim provocation and victim openness. The research explains how internet romance offenders rationalize and justify their deviant behaviour. The data from this research model elicited 320 individual responses from hotspots associated with internet fraud activities. The findings from this study highlight the conditions under which victim precipitation theory dimensions in the context of internet romance fraud occur. The findings shows that offenders of internet romance fraud rely heavily on victim precipitation to perpetuate their criminal activities: all the three dimensions studied are used by these criminals as justification techniques to increases offenders’ predisposition to commit internet romance fraud. All three victim precipittion techniues ae used; victim openness, victim facilitation and victim provocation, respectively. This expands the boundaries of victim precipitation theory. The study contributes to new dimensions of victim precipitation in online romance fraud. This study has theoretical and criminology implications; and it gives a new perspective of how victims should conduct themselves in internet romance fraud cases. It also enriches the debate of victim precipitation in criminology discipline. Citation:Offei, M. O. (2021). How does Victim Precipitation Theory explain Deviant Behaviours of Internet Romance Offenders? Gamer’s Perspective of Victim Precipitation. International Journal of Technology and Management Research (IJTMR), Vol. 6 (2): Pp.59-72 Received: March 3, 2021Accepted: September 1, 2021

Servant leadership and organizational deviant behaviour: interpreting some contradictory results from public sector of Pakistan

PurposeThis study aims at ascertaining the relationship between servant leadership and employees’ organizational deviant behaviour in public sector organizations of Pakistan. Drawing on social cognitive and social exchange theories, this research also proposes to determine the mediating role of self-efficacy and trust in leader in this relationship.Design/methodology/approachUsing convenience sampling method, three-wave time-lagged data were collected from 204 employees working in secretariats of two federal ministries in Pakistan.FindingsThe results derived from partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) analysis using SmartPLS 3.2.9 software revealed that servant leadership is not negatively related to employee organizational deviant behaviour. Although the findings indicate that servant leadership is positively related to employee self-efficacy and trust in leader, these factors do not mediate the relationship between servant leadership and organizational deviant behaviour.Practical implicationsEmpirical evidence of this research emphasizes the role of servant leadership in fostering employees’ trust and self-efficacy. Additionally, this research suggests that alongside servant leadership, a moral climate and fairness in organizational policies and decisions are also inevitable to prompt employees to feel obligated to reduce undesirable workplace behaviours, particularly in public sector organizations.Originality/valueThis is amongst the earlier studies that investigates the association between servant leadership and organizational deviant behaviour of public sector employees in a developing context and examines the mediating role of trust in leader and self-efficacy simultaneously. Being contradictory to the underlying theories, findings of this research open the debate on effectiveness of servant leadership in public sector organizations of developing countries and expose avenues for future research.

Strategies to Mitigate the Influence of Televised Entertainment Programmes using Smart Phones on Youth Deviant Behaviour

This paper seeks to establish strategies that can be used to mitigate the influence of televised entertainment programmes using smartphones on youth deviant behaviour. Televised entertainment programmes using smartphones have become a major means by which young people learn and understand the world around them. To understand the behaviour that young people resort to, we must pay more attention to the influences of the portrayal of deviant behaviour in televised programmes and smartphones in the 21st century. Young people learn how to dress, walk, dance, and talk by copying what is portrayed in selected television programmes while using their smart phone. This paper used qualitative research method. Purpose sampling, semi-structure interview in a focus group was used to collect data from the participants. The study sampled twelve young people from Madonsi village in South Africa to participate in the study and ethical consideration was thought-out. The study revealed that parents should be technologically advanced to be able to block programme contents by using a password for their satellite signal decoder to prevent young people‘s exposure to deviant behaviour on television. Parents should monitor their children‘s smartphones on activities undertaken. The study recommends that National Youth Policy 2020-2030 should address youth media health issues aspect to prevent the influence of media on youth deviant behaviour.

Background to health education and the family support system and the prevention of deviant behaviour in children

Health education is primarily the acquisition and implementation of knowledge, but also the desire to shape attitudes and behaviors that have a significant impact on the child's future and consequently its positive development and attitude in adulthood. Young people in adolescence often do not show too much care for their health, its protection and strengthening. Therefore, childhood and adolescence seem to be the optimal time for implementation through education of correct attitudes regarding this topic. During this period, pro-health or risky behaviors are shaped. Activities in the field of health education should be implemented independently and in conjunction with active pedagogical support, which should be provided to families in a situation identified each time, when parents provide the child with incorrect patterns, insufficiently meet the needs or insufficiently care for his emotional and reactionary sphere of development, and thus clearly pose a greater threat to the child's mental and social development. Also in situations where the educational impacts seem insufficient or erroneously erroneous and the child begins to take risky behaviors that significantly affect the quality of its functioning, health and safety.

Perception of innovation in tourism with regard to controversial types of travel: A study of Polish consumers

The aim was to determine how tourism innovations, including controversial types of tourism, are perceived by consumers. The hypothesis adopted was that there would be statistically significant correlations between demographic variables, the respondents’ perception of innovations and their propensity to engage in non-normative behaviour during tourism trips. The study was conducted using the CAWI surveying technique by means of an online questionnaire (N = 407). The respondents had noticed significant changes in the tourism industry and the majority were in favour of those innovations. These mainly related to the development of tourist service infrastructure. The study found a statistically significant difference between male and female respondents with more males in favour of introducing controversial tourism offers to the market. Male respondents were also more likely to engage in deviant behaviour.

Workplace deviance in the virtual workspace

Purpose This paper aims to discuss ways in which working in the virtual space can give rise to negative norm violating behaviours of employees in organizations. Further, it describes some of the measures that can be taken by organizations to manage such behaviour such that organizational and individual goals are met. Design/methodology/approach This paper discusses the impact and importance of managing deviant behaviour of employees. Using relevant examples procured from secondary sources, this paper further provides a glance at how organizations can minimize such behaviour and maintain a productive and supportive work environment. Findings In today’s scenario when remote working has become a norm, organizations can prevent employees from engaging in deviant behaviour by providing supportive work environment, recalibrating their policies as per the situation and by adopting a top-down approach of communication. Originality/value This paper aims to provide a glance at the people-related challenges that the shift to virtual working may have given rise to. It provides measures that organizations can adopt to keep their employees focussed and prevent them from engaging in deviant behaviours.

The relationship of childhood maltreatment to deviant behaviours among young Iraqi adults: A cross sectional study

Background: The exposure to stressful events during childhood may have prolonged effects and is associated with a higher risk of psychopathology during adulthood. Objective: To assess the relationship between exposure to childhood maltreatment and the occurrence of deviant behaviours among Iraqi young adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done from October 2018 to April 2019. A non -random convenient sample that consisted of young adults of age between 18 and 20 years. The childhood maltreatment was measured by Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire, while the deviant behaviours were assessed by Deviant Behaviour Variety Scale. Results: The participants were 401. There was a positive correlation between ACE score and deviant behaviours score. The male subjects had higher mean of deviant behaviour variety score compare to that of the female subjects. The linear regression model showed that exposure to physical abuse (β = 0.180, p < 0.001), sexual abuse (β = 0.138, p = 0.003) during the first 18 years of age significantly predicts the variety of deviant behaviours. Conclusion: Childhood maltreatment was associated with high risk for deviant behaviours among young Iraqi adults. The physical abuse was the main predictor for deviant behaviours in adulthood.