Mother and Infant Activity and Interaction in France and in the United States: A Comparative Study

1991 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc H. Bornstein ◽  
Catherine S. Tamis-LeMonda ◽  
Marie-Germaine Pecheux ◽  
Charles W. Rahn
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Intellectual Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dyadic Interaction ◽  
Natural Setting ◽  
Interaction Patterns ◽  
Cultural Validity ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
The Individual

Infants experiences are often thought to influence social and intellectual development in the individual, and on a societal level they are sometimes credited for some of the distinctiveness that typifies cultural style. To compare and contrast the experiences of French and U.S. American infants, mother-infant dyads in Paris and in New York City were observed interacting in the natural setting of their homes. This report focuses on infants' visual attention, tactual exploration, and vocalisation and on mothers' mediated and unmediated stimulation and speech to infants. The study had two main goals: One was to identify and describe activities and interaction patterns that may be similar and different in these two Western cultures, and the other was to test the cross-cultural validity of a hypothesis that states that specific mother and infant activities relate to one another in dyadic interaction. Mothers and infants in the two cultures showed some similarities and some different emphases in their activities, and patterns of mother-infant interaction in the two cultures tended to correspond.

Mother and Infant Activity and Interaction in Japan and in the United States: I. A Comparative Macroanalysis of Naturalistic Exchanges

1990 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc H. Bornstein ◽  
Hiroshi Azuma ◽  
Catherine Tamis-LeMonda ◽  
Misako Ogino
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
The United States ◽  
Natural Setting ◽  
Developmental Issues ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
Verbal Stimulation ◽  
Compare And Contrast ◽  
Stimulation Of

It is widely held that Japanese and U.S. Americans differ in prominent aspects of their psychological make-ups, and that experiences of early life may be responsible for certain social and intellectual distinctions between members of these two cultures. To compare and contrast activities and interactions of Japanese and American mothers and their 5-month-old infants, 48 mother-infant dyads, half in Tokyo and half in New York City, were observed in the natural setting of their homes. This report examines mothers visual and verbal stimulation of infants and infants visual and tactual exploration and vocalisation from a macroanalytic viewpoint. First, similarities and differences among Japanese and American infants and mothers on these activities are assessed. Next, covariation among infants activities and among mothers activities within each culture is evaluated, and resultant patterns of covariation between the two cultures are compared. Finally, correspondence between mothers and infants activities in each culture is analysed, and patterns of interactions between the two cultures are compared. Two issues are discussed. First considered are the identification and description of activities, interactions, and developmental processes that are similar and different in these two cultures, and second considered are cross-cultural tests of developmental issues related to covariation and correspondence of activity in mother-infant dyads.

Mother and Infant Activity and Interaction in Japan and in the United States: II. A Comparative Microanalysis of Naturalistic Exchanges Focused on the Organisation of Infant Attention

1990 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc H. Bornstein ◽  
Sueko Toda ◽  
Hiroshi Azuma ◽  
Catherine Tamis-LeMonda ◽  
Misako Ogino
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
The United States ◽  
Attentional Focus ◽  
Interaction Patterns ◽  
Maternal Control ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
Japanese Mothers ◽  
Sequential Analyses ◽  
Infant Attention

This study compares and contrasts activities and interactions related to maternal organisation of infant attention toward mother and toward the environment in Japanese and U.S. American mother-infant dyads. Observational data derived from 48 Tokyo and New York City mothers and their 5month-old infants seen at home were submitted to microanalysis. Relations among selected mother and infant activities, notably maternal control of and responsiveness to attentional focus in infants, are evaluated using cooccurrence and lag-sequential analyses. American and Japanese mothers and babies engaged in most activities at similar rates. However, American mothers appear to respond to environmental involvement in their infants by further encouraging infants to attend to properties, objects, or events in the environment, whereas it is during periods of decreased environmental interest and increased social interest that Japanese mothers deploy didactic encouragement. The results reveal activity and interaction patterns which are similar between these two cultures, as well as patterns which are culturespecific.

THE TEN-STATE NUTRITION SURVEY: A PEDIATRIC PERSPECTIVE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 1095-1099
Author(s):  
Charles U. Lowe ◽  
Gilbert B. Forbes ◽  
Stanley Garn ◽  
George M. Owen ◽  
Nathan J. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
The United States ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Dietary Recall ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
The Individual

In 1967 the 90th Congress of the United States attached an amendment to the Partnership for Health Act requiring the Secretary of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare to undertake a survey of "the incidence and location of serious hunger and malnutrition–in the United States." In response to the legislative mandate the Ten-State Nutrition Survey was conducted during the years 1968 through 1970. The sample was selected from urban and rural families living in the following ten states: New York, Massachusetts, Michigan, California, Washington, Kentucky, West Virginia, Louisiana, Texas, and South Carolina. The families selected were those living in some of the census enumeration districts that made up the lowest economic quartiles of their respective states at the time of the 1960 census. During the eight years after the 1960 census the social and economic characteristics found in some of the individual enumeration districts had changed, so that there was a significant numer of families in the surveys with incomes well above the lowest income quartile. Thus, it was possible in analyzing results to make some comparisons on an economic basis. Thirty thousand families were identified in the selection process; 23,846 of these participated in the survey. Data regarding more than 80,000 individuals were obtained through interviews and 40,847 of these individuals were examined. The survey included the following: extensive demographic information on each of the participating families; information regarding food utilization of the family; a 24-hour dietary recall for infants up to 36 months of age, children 10 to 16 years of age, pregnant and lactating women, and individuals over 60 years of age.

scholarly journals Understanding “nostalgic inequality”: A critical analysis of barriers to Latinos’ healthy eating practices in the United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Anahi Viladrich
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Healthy Eating ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Eating Practices ◽  
First And Second Generation ◽  
The Impact

Based on two mixed-methods studies conducted with first and second generation Latinas in New York City (NYC), this article questions simplistic notions of acculturation by stressing the impact of structural conditions (at the individual, social and physical levels) in determining Latinas’ food practices in the United States (U.S.). The term “nostalgic inequality” is used here to argue that Latinas’ retention of, and adaptation to, their traditional staples (i.e., nostalgic foods) tends to favor affordable and fat-saturated items (e.g., fried and processed foods) that through time contribute to higher rates of obesity and cardiovascular disease, among other deleterious health conditions. In the end, this review is aimed at raising awareness about the barriers to healthy eating experienced by disadvantaged minority groups in the U.S. urban milieu.

scholarly journals On the Morphology and Life history of a Myxosporidian, Leptotheca ohlmacheri, parasitic in Rana clamitans and R. pipiens

Parasitology ◽  
1922 ◽  
Vol 14 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 221-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kudo
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Mature Spore ◽  
The United States ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Vegetative Nucleus ◽  
Rana Clamitans ◽  
New Host ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Bowman's Capsule

1. Rana clamitans of New York and R. pipiens from the middle part of the United States, were found to be infected by a Myxosporidian, apparently identical with Leptotheca ohlmacheri (Gurley) Labbé, found by Ohlmacher in the kidney of Bufo lentiginosus.2. The Myxosporidian was found only in the space between Bowman's capsule and the glomerulus of the Malpighian body and in the uriniferous tubules of the kidneys of the host, no other organ being infected.3. The mature spore contains two independent uninucleate sporoplasms which fuse into one prior to the germination in the posterior region of the stomach or duodenum of a new host.4. The germination of the spore was observed in hanging drop preparations with the digestive fluid.5. The youngest stage found in the lumen of the tubule of the kidney, was the uninucleate form.6. The trophozoites multiply actively by a process of gemmation and probably also by a schizogony of the uninucleate forms.7. The trophozoites are, as a rule, disporous and the spores develop independently of each other.8. The vegetative nucleus persists throughout the entire trophic life of the individual.9. The Myxosporidian does not exercise any fatal effect upon the host.10. Infection takes place through the mouth. The liberated binucleate amoebulae probably penetrate through the wall of the small intestine, reach the coelom and are carried to the uriniferous tubules through the nephrostomes or blood vessels.

Learning Freedom: Education, Elevation, and New York's African-American Community, 1827–1829

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 618-645
Author(s):  
Michael Hines
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
African American ◽  
York City ◽  
The United States ◽  
African American Community ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
American Citizenship ◽  
The Individual

Even though the black community of antebellum New York City lived in a society that marginalized them socially and economically, they were intent on pursuing the basic privileges of American citizenship. One tactic African Americans employed to this end was the tenacious pursuit of education, which leaders believed would act both as an aid in economic advancement and as a counterargument against the widely assumed social inferiority of their race. The weekly newspaper, Freedom's Journal, the first African American owned and operated newspaper in the United States, was an avid supporter of this strategy of social elevation through education. From 1827 to 1829, the paper's editors, John Russwurm and Samuel Cornish, used their platform to advertise for a range of schools, editorialize on the importance of learning, and draw connections between the enlightenment of the individual and the progress of the race.

scholarly journals Wine Tourism After The Direct Shipment Revolution: Implications And A Proposed Methodological Framework

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin A. Goldberg ◽  
James Murdy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
United States Supreme Court ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Supreme ◽  
State Laws ◽  
Wine Tourism ◽  
Interstate Commerce ◽  
The Individual

The United States Supreme Court recently considered challenges to two state laws regarding direct shipment of wine and spirits from out-of-state. Michigan law banned these direct shipments completely, requiring sales from out-of-state to be made through a Michigan wholesaler, even though it permitted direct shipments from within the state. New York law similarly banned direct shipments, although it created a narrow exception for out-of-state wine producers who maintained a place of business within New York. In Granholm v. Heald, the United States Supreme Court considered the constitutionality of these laws in light of the constitutional prohibition against state laws that unreasonably burden interstate commerce. The Court held that these laws did in fact impermissibly discriminate against interstate commerce, and were unconstitutional. It held that a state may permit direct shipments or prohibit them, but it could not create a discriminatory system where in-state direct shipment were permitted but out-of-state shipments were prohibited or burdened with additional costs. This decision left it to the individual state governments to fashion whatever direct shipment laws they wished, as long as the laws did not treat shipments from out of state differently from shipments within the state. As the individual states respond to this mandate, we can see how these new laws will impact wine tourism, actual and Internet travel for the purpose of experiencing and purchasing regional wines.

scholarly journals Same-sex Couples in Children’s Picture Books in French and in English: Censorship Somewhere Over the Rainbow?

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 392-421
Author(s):  
Julie Tarif
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Picture Books ◽  
The United States ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
Same Sex Couples ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Children's Picture Books ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
Academic Publications

This paper focuses on children’s picture books featuring same-sex couples in Anglophone and Francophone cultures, and more particularly in France and in the United States, with a particular interest in the censorship of these works. Censoring a book is common in the United States. This essay is a reflexion on the publication and reception of Francophone picture books on the topic – originals and translations. In this perspective, it also considers the question of the circulation of these books between the two cultures, as well as towards the two cultures respectively, Francophone picture books tending to be bolder in content than their Anglophone counterparts. Some references used to explain reception are gathered thanks to primary sources, in particular personal communications; others come from secondary sources, such as academic publications, blogs, and newspaper articles. This paper also explores the different forms of censorship, including the translation of a work from another culture or the alterations to the illustrations of an original work in an adaptation. The contrastive approach adopted reveals that, despite the growing number of picture books featuring same-sex couples, censorship is not only an American reality but a French reality as well.

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