Analogy and Intertextuality in Polish and Persian legends

Legends and folktales are an indispensable part of the literature and culture of any nation. They are reflection of the culture, civilization and customs of every nation, which is part of the literature and history of each country. They have also carried moral, philosophical and national messages since ancient times and their main purpose has been to educate the next generation and to transmit cultural and national concepts. This article tries to analyze two cultures by focusing on their legends and folktales based on their literary and historical background.

Analogy and Intertextuality in Polish and Persian legends

Legends and folktales are an indispensable part of the literature and culture of any nation. They are reflection of the culture, civilization and customs of every nation, which is part of the literature and history of each country. They have also carried moral, philosophical and national messages since ancient times and their main purpose has been to educate the next generation and to transmit cultural and national concepts. This article tries to analyze two cultures by focusing on their legends and folktales based on their literary and historical background.

The respect pyramid: A model of respect based on lay knowledge in two cultures

Respect is a common social concept, yet how lay people define it has not been thoroughly investigated. This study used a grounded theory approach, using in-depth interviews, to conceptualize respect according to lay knowledge. 40 participants from two cultures in the Middle East—20 Jewish Israelis and 20 Palestinians—reported how they define respect ( Kavod in Hebrew and Ihtiram in Arabic). The findings define respect as a complex, multidimensional concept. Based on the findings, a respect pyramid model was developed, which includes four dimensions: avoiding disrespect, deserved/normative respect, conditional respect, and considerate respect. Each dimension indicates an increase in aspects that make the respect less conditional and more intrinsic, while requiring higher sensitivity and greater effort. The implications of the respect pyramid for relationships and the cultural differences regarding definitions of respect are discussed.

TWO CULTURES : SOCIAL IDEAS AND SOCIAL PRACTICES IN THE PROJECT “POTENTIALS – NEW FORM OF SOCIAL CAPITAL IN TOWN COMMUNITY PRZASNYSZ”

The article consists of two parts. In the first part, the author returns to the classic text by C.P. Snow entitled Two Cultures 1959, and justifies its obsolescence by claiming that in recent decades, the natural sciences have become closer to the traditional humanities and have undergone a kind of 'philosophizing', while knowledge accumulated in the humanities and social sciences is increasingly organized by seeking answers to questions of a practical nature. The author's comment boils down to a statement that this is a very unfortunate course of events because, among other things, before we start answering questions about how to achieve these or other goals, it is good to know that it is worthwhile to achieve them. In short, it is not out of the question that the gradual elimination of classical questions about meanings and values from the humanities and social sciences contributes to highly ambivalent assessments of 'modernity'. In the second part, the author does not ask about the rationale behind the objection to various discriminatory practices, but he does ask how - within the framework of the "Potentials..." project - these mechanisms were tried to be dealt with, using the key elements of the so-called "behavioral economics", and he describes the experiences connected with it.

Introducing Chinese Philosophy to Western Readers – Lin Yutang as a Cross-cultural Interpreter

The article reconstructs selected motifs in the philosophy of Lin Yutang, a twentieth-century Chinese thinker, translator and editor, especially popular in the West, undertaken, as it were, on the margins of his work to explain and popularize Chinese culture and philosophy in the West. Lin reflects on issues such as how to effectively and accurately explain a radically alien civilization to the Western-educated reader, in his or her own language, and who can appoint himself as the representative of Chinese culture at all? As a bilingual author, Lin very accurately shows the state of suspension between two cultures, characteristic of an intercultural interpreter who attempts to simultaneously move within two disproportionate, culturally determined conceptual schemes.

Not All Migrant Men Embrace Toxic Masculinity, Do They?

Gender identities and roles have changed over time and have reached their present meanings. In addition, the expectations and acceptance of different cultures have caused these roles to show various developments. Finally, the increase in immigration to Europe has forced these young people who grew up in other cultures and their families to learn to live in a new culture and mandatory adaptation of two cultures. The biggest problem with mixing in a new culture was that the male trait, defined as toxic masculinity and taught as a power in eastern cultures, was not accepted in this new culture. Toxic masculinity is a man proving his existence to his gender, other genders, and entire social environment through anger, destructiveness, and pressure. “CommUnity” Project aims to bring together the young people of these different cultures with art-based design thinking activities. Those will help them get to know, understand, and adapt to each other in a peaceful environment where they can discuss the problem solutions openly and do art activities together.The main expectation is that the young people who have changed with these works will influence their environment and lead to a shared society that does not experience unnecessary violence and radicalism and lives in harmony.

Transculturalism and Its Manifestation in the Poetics of Lyric Texts

Using the example of the work of the Soviet Russian poet Pavel Nikolaevich Vasilyev, the author shows the representation of transcultural aesthetics in a literary text created in Russian by a Russian author, formed in the conditions of the borderline coexistence of two cultures: Russian and Kazakh. His works can be classified as borderland literature, in which the combination of the Russianlanguage discourse and the paradigm of the steppe, nomadic culture generates a hybrid text with a peculiar artistic aesthetics and poetics, which can be traced at the external and internal deep levels. The I of the author with borderline thinking has a stable ethnic identity, while openly showing its bicultural affiliation, which is quite consistent with the thesis about the flexibility of the cultural identity of a transcultural poet or writer. At the external text level of works of art, transculturalism finds expression in themes, in exoticisms, in foreign language insertions. The transcultural essence of the authors consciousness generates hybrid texts containing symbiotic verbal images and techniques that demonstrate hybrid canons and symbols (symbols of wormwood, horse), incorporating elements of Kazakh and Russian cultural stereotypes and codes (stereotypical ideas about the Asian appearance of Kazakhs), which coexist without conflict in the artistic picture of the world of Vasilyev. As a result, a poetic picture of the world, unique in aesthetics, enriched with the paradigms of two different cultures, which is the property of the Russian cultural space, appears.

Chinese Text in a Poem by N. Gumilyov

The article considers N. Gumilevs poem The Moon at Sea from the cycle Porcelain Pavilion. New in the work is the interpretation of the poem, the identification and explanation of the Chinese realities of N. Gumilevs poetic text. Revealed the original texts, which became the basis for the creation of N. Gumilevs poem The Moon on the Sea, considered a version of the poem, preserved in the poets manuscript. The authors reasoning and conclusions are based on critical research, which compares two cultures. The analysis of N. Gumilevs poem is carried out in the semantic aspect using the search for textual parallels. Interpretation of N. Gumilevs poem The Moon on the Sea allows, on the other hand, to approach the world outlook of the Silver Age culture, explains the genesis of the image of China in N. Gumilevs poetry.