A Revised Speech Intelligibility Rating (RSIR) Test: Listeners with Normal Hearing

1994 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Speaks ◽  
Timothy D. Trine ◽  
Thomas R. Crain ◽  
Nancy Niccum
Keyword(s):  
Root Mean Square ◽  
Speech Intelligibility ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Average Level ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Critical Difference ◽  
Connected Discourse ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Method Of Adjustment

Two experiments were conducted to examine the intelligibility of 72 passages of connected discourse prepared by Cox and McDaniel1,2 in their development of the Speech Intelligibility Rating (SIR) test. Intelligibility was assessed with a method-of-adjustment (MOA) procedure in which listeners adjusted the level of a multi-talker babble until they could just understand 50% of a passage; the measure of intelligibility was the signal-to-babble ratio, dB S/B. The objective was to develop a Revised Speech Intelligibility Rating (RSIR) test that would comprise a large number of equivalent passages that produce reliable intelligibility measures. In experiment 1, the S/B ratio was based on the overall root-mean-square (rms) levels of speech and babble, as represented by the average level of frequent peaks observed on a VU meter. Across all 72 passages, mean intelligibility was −1.43 dB S/B, and the measure of intelligibility for 42 passages was within ±0.5 dB of the overall mean for all 72 passages. In experiment 2, the S/B ratio was based on long-term rms levels of speech and babble measured in 16 one-third-octave bands, with center frequencies from 160 to 5000 Hz. In an effort to achieve greater equivalence in intelligibility among passages, the overall rms level of each passage was attenuated by the difference between SB16-band for an individual passage and S/B16-band for a reference passage. Mean intelligibility across all 72 passages was — 8.06 dB, and the measure of intelligibility was within ±0.5 dB of the overall mean for 64 of the 72 passages. For those 64 passages, the 95% critical difference for five MOAs was 0.72 dB, which corresponds to an estimated percentage critical difference Of 10.8%.

Detecting pneumatic actuator leakage using acoustic emission monitoring

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-26
Author(s):  
H Mahmoud ◽  
P Mazal ◽  
F Vlašic
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Emission ◽  
Root Mean Square ◽  
Diagnostic Procedure ◽  
Pneumatic Cylinder ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Emission Testing ◽  
Acoustic Emission Testing ◽  
Maximum Root ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Pneumatic Cylinders

This paper focuses on the development of an efficient new diagnostic procedure for checking the function of pneumatic cylinders using acoustic emission. This diagnostic procedure is able to detect distinctive differences that determine whether the cylinder is damaged or undamaged. Moreover, the paper aims to find the diagnostic criteria that can be used to evaluate the pneumatic cylinder and detect defects. In this study, acoustic emission testing of several undamaged cylinders is carried out before artificial defects are created in each one. The signals from the progress and retreat strokes are recorded and analysed according to many parameters. The root mean square is normalised and the different responses of damaged and undamaged pneumatic cylinders are recognised by the time delay of the strokes. The differences are identified by comparing the maximum root mean square from sensor A and the maximum root mean square from sensor B for one cycle in the retreat stroke. The damaged and undamaged cylinders are distinguished using the difference in energy values present in the signals of the two sensors in the retreat stroke. The final evaluation of the cylinder is determined by calculating the total value of the root mean square. This paper is a continuation of a prior article and the extension of that work.

scholarly journals Sound Localization in Toddlers with Normal Hearing and with Bilateral Cochlear Implants Revealed Through a Novel “Reaching for Sound” Task

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (03) ◽  
pp. 195-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica E. Bennett ◽  
Ruth Y. Litovsky
Keyword(s):  
Cochlear Implants ◽  
Root Mean Square ◽  
Sound Localization ◽  
Spatial Hearing ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Sound Location ◽  
Bilateral Cochlear Implants ◽  
Single Implant ◽  
Hearing Abilities

AbstractSpatial hearing abilities in children with bilateral cochlear implants (BiCIs) are typically improved when two implants are used compared with a single implant. However, even with BiCIs, spatial hearing is still worse compared to normal-hearing (NH) age-matched children. Here, we focused on children who were younger than three years, hence in their toddler years. Prior research with this age focused on measuring discrimination of sounds from the right versus left.This study measured both discrimination and sound location identification in a nine-alternative forced-choice paradigm using the “reaching for sound” method, whereby children reached for sounding objects as a means of capturing their spatial hearing abilities.Discrimination was measured with sounds randomly presented to the left versus right, and loudspeakers at fixed angles ranging from ±60° to ±15°. On a separate task, sound location identification was measured for locations ranging from ±60° in 15° increments.Thirteen children with BiCIs (27–42 months old) and fifteen age-matched (NH).Discrimination and sound localization were completed for all subjects. For the left–right discrimination task, participants were required to reach a criterion of 4/5 correct trials (80%) at each angular separation prior to beginning the localization task. For sound localization, data was analyzed in two ways. First, percent correct scores were tallied for each participant. Second, for each participant, the root-mean-square-error was calculated to determine the average distance between the response and stimulus, indicative of localization accuracy.All BiCI users were able to discriminate left versus right at angles as small as ±15° when listening with two implants; however, performance was significantly worse when listening with a single implant. All NH toddlers also had >80% correct at ±15°. Sound localization results revealed root-mean-square errors averaging 11.15° in NH toddlers. Children in the BiCI group were generally unable to identify source location on this complex task (average error 37.03°).Although some toddlers with BiCIs are able to localize sound in a manner consistent with NH toddlers, for the majority of toddlers with BiCIs, sound localization abilities are still emerging.

The Loss of Dexterity in the Bilateral Lower Extremities in Patients With Stroke

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryoji Kiyama ◽  
Kiyohiro Fukudome ◽  
Toshiki Hiyoshi ◽  
Akihide Umemoto ◽  
Yoichi Yoshimoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Mean Square Error ◽  
Mean Square Error ◽  
Root Mean Square ◽  
Knee Extensor ◽  
Lower Extremities ◽  
Response Force ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mean Square Errors

The aim of this study was to examine the dexterity of both lower extremities in patients with stroke. Twenty patients with stroke and 20 age-matched control subjects participated in this study. To determine the dexterity of the lower extremities, we examined the ability to control muscle force during submaximal contractions in the knee extensor muscles using a force tracking task. The root mean square errors were calculated from the difference between the target and response force. The root mean square error was significantly greater in the affected limb of patients with stroke compared with those of the unaffected limb and the control subjects, and in the unaffected limb compared with that of the control subjects. Furthermore, the root mean square error of the affected limb was related significantly to motor function as determined by Fugl-Myer assessment. These results demonstrate impairment of the dexterity of both the affected and the unaffected lower extremities in patients with stroke.

scholarly journals Which method is more accurate? or errors have error bars

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan H Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Root Mean Square ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Error Bars ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mean Square Errors

This document is my attempt at distilling some of the information in two papers published by Anthony Nicholls (J. Comput. Aided Mol. Des. 2014, 28, 887; ibid 2016, 30, 103). Anthony also very kindly provided some new equations, not found in the papers, in response to my questions. The paper describes how one determines whether the difference in accuracy of two methods in predicting some properties for the same data set is statistically significant using root-mean-square errors, mean absolute errors, mean errors, and Pearsons r values.

Stochastic modelling of water temperatures in a small stream using air to water relations

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Caissie ◽  
Nassir El-Jabi ◽  
André St-Hilaire
Keyword(s):  
Markov Process ◽  
Root Mean Square Error ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Mean Square Error ◽  
Root Mean Square ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Small Stream ◽  
Annual Component

Stream water temperature is a very important parameter when assessing aquatic ecosystem dynamics. For instance, cold-water fishes such as salmon can be adversely affected by maximum summer temperatures or by those exaggerated by land-use activities such as deforestation. The present study deals with the modelling of stream water temperatures using a stochastic approach to relate air and water temperatures in Catamaran Brook, a small stream in New Brunswick where long-term multidisciplinary habitat research is being carried out. The first step in the modelling approach was to establish the long-term annual component (pattern) in stream water temperatures. This was possible by fitting a Fourier series to stream water temperatures. The short-term residual temperatures (departure from the long-term annual component) were modelled using different air to water relations, namely a multiple regression analysis, a second-order Markov process, and a Box-Jenkins time-series model. The results indicated that it was possible to predict daily water temperatures for small streams using air temperatures and that the three models produced similar results in predicting stream temperatures. The root mean square error (RSME) varied between 0.59°C and 1.68°C on an annual basis from 1990 to 1995, with the warmest year (1994) showing the highest RMSE. Although 1992 was an exceptionally cold summer (coldest in 30 years), good predictions of stream water temperature were obtained, with an RMSE of approximately 1.24°C. Of the three models, the second-order Markov process was preferred based on its performance and its simplicity in development.Key words: small stream, water temperature, model, stochastic, root mean square error, Markov process.

scholarly journals Tropical Cyclone Center Positioning Using Single Channel Microwave Satellite Observations of Brightness Temperature

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 2466
Author(s):  
Yanyang Hu ◽  
Xiaolei Zou
Keyword(s):  
Brightness Temperature ◽  
Root Mean Square ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Horizontal Resolution ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Tropical Storms ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Atlantic Hurricanes

Satellite observations of brightness temperature from the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) and Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS) humidity sounding channels can provide relatively high horizontal resolution information about cloud and atmospheric moisture in the troposphere, thus revealing the structures of tropical cyclones (TCs). There is usually a high brightness temperature in a TC eye region and low brightness temperature reflecting spiral rain bands. An azimuthal spectral analysis method is used as a center-fixing algorithm to determine the TC center objectively using the brightness temperature observations of the ATMS humidity-sounding channel 18 (183.31 ± 7.0 GHz) and MHS humidity-sounding channel 5 (190.31 GHz). The position in the brightness temperature field encompassing a TC that achieves the largest symmetric component is regarded as the TC center. Two Atlantic hurricanes in 2012, Hurricanes Sandy and Isaac, are first used to analyze the performance of the TC center-fixing technique. Compared with the National Hurricane Center best track, the root-mean-square differences of the center fixing results for Hurricanes Sandy and Isaac are less than 47.3 and 34.3 km, respectively. It is found that the uncertainty of the TC center-fixing algorithm and thus the difference from the best track increases when the brightness temperature distribution within a TC is significantly asymmetric. Then, the TC center-fixing technique is validated for all tropical storms and hurricanes over Northern Atlantic and Western Pacific in 2019. Compared with the best track data, the root-mean-square differences for tropical storms and hurricanes are 33.81 and 26.20 km, respectively. The demonstrated successful performance of the proposed TC center-fixing algorithm to use the single channel of microwave humidity sounders for TC positioning is important for vortex initialization in operational hurricane forecasts.

scholarly journals Real-Time Modeling of Regional Tropospheric Delay Based on Multicore Support Vector Machine

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Xu Yang ◽  
Xinyuan Jiang ◽  
Chuang Jiang ◽  
Lei Xu
Keyword(s):  
Support Vector Machine ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Root Mean Square ◽  
Average Level ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Tropospheric Delay ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Survey Area ◽  
Time Modeling ◽  
Modeling Experiment

Real-time modeling of regional troposphere has attracted considerable research attention in the current GNSS field, and its modeling products play an important role in global navigation satellite system (GNSS) real-time precise positioning and real-time inversion of atmospheric water vapor. Multicore support vector machine (MS) based on genetic optimization algorithm, single-core support vector machine (SVM), four-parameter method (FP), neural network method (BP), and root mean square fusion method (SUM) are used for real-time and final zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) modeling of Hong Kong CORS network in this study. Real-time ZTD modeling experiment results for five consecutive days showed that the average deviation (bias) and root mean square (RMS) of FP, BP, SVM, and SUM reduced by 48.25%, 54.46%, 41.82%, and 51.82% and 43.16%, 48.46%, 30.09%, and 33.86%, respectively, compared with MS. The final ZTD modeling experiment results showed that the bias and RMS of FP, BP, SVM, and SUM reduced by 3.80%, 49.78%, 25.71%, and 49.35% and 43.16%, 48.46%, 30.09%, and 33.86%, respectively, compared with MS. Accuracy of the five methods generally reaches millimeter level in most of the time periods. MS demonstrates higher precision and stability in the modeling of stations with an elevation at the average level of the survey area and higher elevation than that of other models. MS, SVM, and SUM exhibit higher precision and stability in the modeling of the station with an elevation at the average level of the survey area than FP. Meanwhile, real-time modeling error distribution of the five methods is significantly better than the final modeling. Standard deviation and average real-time modeling improved by 43.19% and 24.04%, respectively.

scholarly journals Long-Term Influence of Concussion on Cardio-Autonomic Function in Adolescent Hockey Players

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allyssa K. Memmini ◽  
Michael F. La Fountaine ◽  
Steven P. Broglio ◽  
Robert D. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Root Mean Square ◽  
Autonomic Function ◽  
Heart Rate Recovery ◽  
Adolescent Male ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Target Heart Rate ◽  
Concussion History

Context Concussion may negatively influence cardiovascular function and the autonomic nervous system, defined by alteration in heart rate variability (HRV). Differences in HRV most commonly emerge during a physical challenge, such as the final steps of the return-to-sport progression. Objective To assess the effect of concussion history on aspects of cardio-autonomic function during recovery from a bout of submaximal exercise in adolescent male hockey athletes. Design Case-control study. Setting Research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants Thirty-three male athletes participating in Midget-AAA hockey were divided into those with (n = 15; age = 16 ± 1 years, height = 1.78 ± 0.06 m, mass = 73.9 ± 7.4 kg, 10.5 ± 1.6 years of sport experience, 25.2 ± 18.3 months since last injury) or without (n = 18; age = 16 ± 1 years, height = 1.78 ± 0.05 m, mass = 74.8 ± 7.6 kg, 10.6 ± 1.9 years of sport experience) a concussion history. Those with a concussion history were binned on total count: concussion) or 2 or more concussions. Intervention(s) All athletes underwent 5 minutes of resting HRV assessment, followed by 20 minutes of aerobic exercise at 60% to 70% of their maximal target heart rate and a 9-minute, postexercise HRV assessment. Main Outcome Measure(s) Heart rate variability measures of mean NN interval, root mean square of successive differences, and standard deviation of NN interval (SDNN). Results Group demographic characteristics were not different. When the control and concussed groups were compared, group and time main effects for heart rate recovery, root mean square of successive differences, and SDNN (P values < .01), and an interaction effect for SDNN (P < .05) were demonstrated. Recovery trends for each group indicated that a history of 2 or more concussions may negatively affect cardio-autonomic recovery postexercise. Conclusions Our findings suggest that those with more than 1 previous concussion may be associated with a greater risk for long-term dysautonomia. Future use of HRV may provide clinicians with objective guidelines for concussion-management and safe return-to-participation protocols.

scholarly journals Forecast and analysis assessment through skill scores

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Tonani ◽  
N. Pinardi ◽  
C. Fratianni ◽  
S. Dobricic
Keyword(s):  
Root Mean Square ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Skill Score ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Forecast Errors ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Atmospheric Forcing ◽  
Skill Scores ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Difference

Abstract. This paper describes a first comprehensive evaluation of the quality of the ten days ocean forecasts produced by the Mediterranean ocean Forecasting System (MFS). Once a week ten days forecasts are produced. The forecast starts on Tuesday at noon and the prediction is released on Wednesday morning with less then 24 hr delay. In this work we have considered 22 ten days forecasts produced from the 16 August 2005 to the 10 January 2006. All the statistical scores have been done for the Mediterranean basin and for 13 regions in which the Mediterranean sea has been subdivided. The forecast evaluation is given here in terms of root mean square (rms) values. The main skill score is computed as the root mean square of the difference between forecast and analysis (FA) and forecast and persistence (FP), where the persistence is defined as the average of the day of the analysis corresponding to the first day of the forecast. A second skill score (SSP) is defined as the ratio between rms of FA and FP, giving the percentage of accuracy of the forecast with respect to the persistence (Murphy 1993). The rms of FA is always better than FP and the FP rms error is double than the rms of FA. It is found that in the surface layers the error growth is controlled mainly by the atmospheric forcing inaccuracies while at depth the forecast errors could be due to adjustments of the data assimilation scheme to the data insertion procedure. The predictability limit for our ocean forecast seems to be 5–6 days connected to atmospheric forcing inaccuracies and to the data availability for assimilation.

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