How should we teach everyday skills in dementia? A controlled study comparing implicit and explicit training methods

Background Effective and sustainable exercise training methods for improving balance poststroke are needed. Objective To evaluate the effect of Baduanjin Qigong for improving balance after stroke. Methods This was a single-blinded randomized controlled study in which only the assessor was blinded. Fifty-eight people with chronic stroke (mean age: 62.5 ± 11.8 years) were randomly assigned to the experimental (n = 29) or control group (n = 29). The experimental group underwent 8 weeks of supervised Baduanjin training (3 sessions per week). This was followed by home-based practice of the same exercises 3 days a week for another 8 weeks. The control group underwent 2 sessions of supervised conventional fitness training in the first week, followed by home-based exercise practice 3 days a week until the end of week 16. All outcomes were measured at baseline, week 8, and week 16. Results Significantly greater improvements in the Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test (Mini-BESTest), composite equilibrium score (Sensory Organization Test), 5 Times Sit to Stand, and Timed Up and Go test were detected at week 8 in the experimental group than in the control group ( P < .017). Further improvement in the Mini-BESTest was observed from week 8 to 16 in the experimental group ( P < .001). Other outcomes (Limit of Stability, Fall-Efficacy Scale, Modified Barthel Index, Stroke-Specific Quality of Life) showed no significant results. Conclusion Baduanjin is effective in improving balance, leg strength, and mobility and is a safe and sustainable form of home-based exercise for people with chronic stroke.

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Respiratory biofeedback accuracy in chronic renal failure patients: a method comparison

Clinical Rehabilitation ◽

10.1177/0269215511431088 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 26 (8) ◽

pp. 724-732 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Rogério Ramos Figueiredo ◽

Antonio AM Castro ◽

Fernanda MG Gonzaga Napoleone ◽

Leina Faray ◽

Alderico Rodrigues de Paula Júnior ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Renal Failure ◽

Chronic Renal Failure ◽

Respiratory Muscle ◽

Method Comparison ◽

Training Programme ◽

Respiratory Muscle Training ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Training Methods ◽

Muscle Training ◽

Muscle Strengthening

Objective: To analyse respiratory biofeedback effects on respiratory muscle strengthening in chronic renal failure patients. Design: Randomized controlled study. Setting: Nephrology and dialysis centre. Subjects and intervention: Forty-one end-stage renal patients on haemodialysis treatment were allocated into three groups: control ( n = 10), G-1 (inspiratory muscle training using Threshold IMT device; n = 16) and G-2 (biofeedback; n = 15) and given respiratory muscle training (three sessions/week for six weeks). Main measures: Forced vital capacity (FVC), expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC ratio, maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) and maximal inspiratory (MIP) and expiratory (MEP) pressures were measured before and after the respiratory muscle training programme. Results: Both training methods were efficient since we found an increase after training in the FVC in the G-1 group (from 2.45 ± 0.17 to 2.85 ± 0.16; P = 0.001) and in the G-2 group (from 2.35 ± 0.19 to 2.55 ± 0.19; P = 0.007), in the FEV1 in G-1 (from 2.18 ± 0.16 to 2.46 ± 0.14; P = 0.01) and in G-2 (from 1.97 ± 0.17 to 2.20 ± 0.15; P < 0.0001), MIP in G-1 (from 70.63 ± 4.03 to 108.75 ± 7.41; P < 0.0001) and in G-2 (from 67.67 ± 5.02 to 96.33 ± 8.30; P < 0.001) and MEP in G-1 (from 73.13 ± 5.10 to 82.50 ± 6.74; P = 0.007) and in G-2 (from 67.67 ± 5.41 to 76.00 ± 4.29; P = 0.002). Conclusions: Respiratory biofeedback is efficient as a respiratory muscle training modality for patients with chronic renal failure.

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Implicit and explicit training in the mitigation of cognitive bias through the use of a serious game

Computers in Human Behavior ◽

10.1016/j.chb.2014.04.053 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 37 ◽

pp. 307-318 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Norah E. Dunbar ◽

Claude H. Miller ◽

Bradley J. Adame ◽

Javier Elizondo ◽

Scott N. Wilson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Bias ◽

Serious Game ◽

Explicit Training ◽

Implicit And Explicit

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Battle of plates: a pilot study of an approach–avoidance training for overweight children and adolescents

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980017002701 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 426-434 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Petra Warschburger ◽

Michaela Gmeiner ◽

Marisa Morawietz ◽

Mike Rinck

Keyword(s):

Children And Adolescents ◽

Avoidance Training ◽

Reaction Times ◽

Behaviour Pattern ◽

Overweight Children ◽

Post Intervention ◽

Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials ◽

Approach Avoidance ◽

Explicit Training ◽

Implicit And Explicit

AbstractObjectiveApproach–avoidance training (AAT) is a promising approach in obesity treatment. The present study examines whether an AAT is feasible and able to influence approach tendencies in children and adolescents, comparing implicit and explicit training approaches.Design/Setting/SubjectsFifty-nine overweight children and adolescents (aged 8–16 years; twenty-six boys) participated in an AAT for food cues, learning to reject snack items and approach vegetable items. Reaction times in the AAT and an implicit association test (IAT) were assessed pre- and post-intervention.ResultsA significant increase in the AAT compatibility scores with a large effect (η2=0·18) was found. No differences between the implicit and explicit training approaches and no change in the IAT scores were observed.ConclusionsAutomatic tendencies in children can be trained, too. The implementation of AAT in the treatment of obesity might support the modification of an unhealthy nutrition behaviour pattern. Further data from randomized controlled clinical trials are needed.

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Explicit and implicit training methods for improving native English speakers’ comprehension of nonnative speech

Journal of Second Language Pronunciation ◽

10.1075/jslp.2.1.04lin ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 93-108 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Stephanie Lindemann ◽

Maxi-Ann Campbell ◽

Jason Litzenberg ◽

Nicolas Close Subtirelu

Keyword(s):

Native Speakers ◽

Nonnative Speakers ◽

Control Group ◽

Training Methods ◽

Multiple Choice Questions ◽

Communication Difficulties ◽

Implicit Training ◽

Explicit Training ◽

Accented English ◽

Short Utterances

Research on communication difficulties between native and nonnative speakers (NNSs) has generally focused on NNSs. However, native speakers’ (NSs) level of familiarity with nonnative accents can also affect communication. This study investigates whether implicit training (exposure to Korean-accented English through sentence transcription) and explicit training (learning about linguistic differences with a focus on Korean-accented English) can improve NSs’ comprehension of Korean-accented English. Participants in both training conditions showed greater improvement than the control group on sentence transcription tasks but not on multiple choice questions that assessed comprehension of a brief lecture. The results replicate past findings showing the effectiveness of implicit training and provide novel evidence of the effectiveness of explicit training. This suggests that explicit training can be effective in improving NSs’ understanding of short utterances when the training ensures participants have learned the material.

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Effect of Pre-Prosthetic Training in Balance and Prosthetic Performance in Traumatic Unilateral Trans-Femoral Prosthesis Users in the Age Group of 20-40 Years

International Journal of Health Sciences and Research ◽

10.52403/ijhsr.20210814 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 91-101

Author(s):

A M R Suresh ◽

Dimple Kashyap ◽

Tapas Priyaranjan Behera

Keyword(s):

Physical Therapist ◽

Gait Training ◽

Limb Amputation ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Daily Routine ◽

Training Methods ◽

Prosthetic Knee ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group A ◽

Group B

Background: Amputation at the trans-femoral level can be very challenging for the amputee as well for the surgeon, the prosthetist, the physical therapist. Learning to walk after a trans-femoral amputation is many times harder than learning to walk after a trans-tibial amputation. The trans-femoral amputee not only has to learn to use a prosthetic knee but also must learn to coordinate the interaction of the foot components with the prosthetic knee, which requires more mental energy. The trans-femoral amputee has more difficulty with balance and decreased proprioception and therefore a greater risk and greater fear of falling. For these reasons, the rehabilitation process is much more difficult for the trans-femoral amputee. The physical therapist must also know how to train the patient to function in all mobility situations, and must also be familiar with issues that are relevant to amputees need. Objective: The purpose of the study is to assess of effectiveness of pre-prosthetic training methods in balance and functional outcomes in new trans-femoral prosthetic users. Method: A randomized controlled study with 27 subjects had been recruited on the basis of inclusion criteria and divided into two groups. Group A (N=15, old trans-femoral prosthetic user) using their prosthesis for at least one year regularly for their daily routine as an active community walker and Group B (N=12, first time trans-femoral prosthetic user) and the amputation was a result of trauma with their first trial prosthesis for conventional gait training after the departmental protocol of pre-prosthetic stump conditioning were assessed on the four Performance Oriented Balance and Prosthetic Mobility scales, i.e. TUG, FSST, Cadence and AMP Tool and the pre and post GT and comparison of performance between old and new AK prosthesis users were analysed using paired t test for significance. Results: The pre and post GT has a statistically significant difference in TUG, FSST, cadence and AMP score at p<0.000. When compared between groups; Group A (old) and Group B (new AK) there is a statistically significant difference in the mean performance of TUG and AMP scores at p<.05, however no difference was found between FSST and Cadence. Conclusion: Pre-prosthetic stump conditioning and conventional gait training has an important role in improving the overall balance and functional outcome of the amputee after the prosthetic fitting. Need specific pre-prosthetic training and conventional gait training shall be a part of the comprehensive trans-femoral amputation rehabilitation. Key words: Amputation, gait, exercise, artificial limb, prosthesis, lower limb amputation, physical balance.

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The Relation Between Implicit and Explicit Learning: Evidence for Parallel Development

Psychological Science ◽

10.1111/1467-9280.00201 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 531-534 ◽

Cited By ~ 128

Author(s):

Daniel B. Willingham ◽

Kelly Goedert-Eschmann

Keyword(s):

Motor Skill ◽

Explicit Knowledge ◽

Skill Learning ◽

Explicit Learning ◽

Implicit System ◽

Implicit Training ◽

Explicit Training ◽

Implicit And Explicit ◽

Implicit And Explicit Learning ◽

Sequencing Task

Much research has focused on the separability of implicit and explicit learning, but less has focused on how they might interact. A recent model suggests that in the motor-skill domain, explicit knowledge can guide movement, and the implicit system learns in parallel, based on these movements. Functional imaging studies do not support that contention, however; they indicate that learning is exclusively implicit or explicit. In the experiment reported here, participants learned a motor sequencing task either implicitly or explicitly. At transfer, most of the stimuli were random, but the sequence occasionally appeared; thus, it was not obvious that explicit knowledge could be applied to the task. Nevertheless, participants with explicit training showed sequence knowledge equivalent to those with implicit training, implying that implicit knowledge had been acquired in parallel with explicit knowledge. This result has implications for the development of automaticity and of motor-skill learning.

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Explicit versus non-explicit prosodic training in the learning of Spanish L2 stress contrasts by French listeners

Journal of Second Language Studies ◽

10.1075/jsls.21017.sch ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sandra Schwab ◽

Volker Dellwo

Keyword(s):

Ab Initio ◽

Matching Task ◽

Training Methods ◽

Perceptual Training ◽

Learning Success ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Stress Processing ◽

French Speaking ◽

Explicit Training ◽

L2 Pronunciation

Abstract Different methods to acquire a language can contribute differently to learning success. In the present study we tested the success of L2 stress contrasts acquisition, when ab initio learners were taught or not about the theoretic nature of L2 stress contrasts. In two 4-hour perceptual training methods, French-speaking listeners received either (a) explicit instructions about Spanish stress patterns and perception activities commonly used in L2 pronunciation courses or (b) no explicit instructions and a unique perception activity, a shape/word matching task. Results showed that French-speaking listeners improved their ability to identify and discriminate stress contrasts in Spanish after training. However, there was no significant difference between explicit and non-explicit training nor was there an effect on stress processing under different phonetic variability conditions. This suggests that in L2 stress acquisition, non-explicit training may benefit ab initio learners as much as explicit instruction and activities used in L2 pronunciation courses.

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