Low-anxiety rats are more sensitive to amphetamine in comparison to high-anxiety rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata H Lehner ◽  
Ewa Taracha ◽  
Ewelina Kaniuga ◽  
Aleksandra Wisłowska-Stanek ◽  
Marek Gryz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Preference Test ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
High Anxiety ◽  
General Hypothesis ◽  
Emotional Processes ◽  
Cortex Area ◽  
Injection Protocol ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Conditioned Place Preference Test

This study utilised the two injection protocol of sensitisation (TIPS) and the conditioned place preference test to validate and extend previous findings on the effects of amphetamine on positive reinforcement-related 50 kHz ultrasonic vocalisation (USV) in rats. We also examined changes in the expression of c-Fos and the NMDA receptor 2B (GluN2B) subunit, markers of neuronal activity and plasticity, in brain regions of rats in response to TIPS. We used low anxiety-responsive (LR) and high anxiety-responsive (HR) rats, which are known to exhibit different fear-conditioned response strengths, different susceptibilities to amphetamine in the TIPS procedure and different amphetamine-dependent 50 kHz USV responses. The LR rats, compared to the HR rats, not only vocalised much more intensely but also spent significantly more time in the amphetamine-paired compartment. After the second dose of amphetamine, the LR rats exhibited more c-Fos and GluN2B activation in layers II and III of the M1/M2 motor cortex area and prefrontal cortex (PRE, PRL, IL) and also presented with more GluN2B activation in the basal amygdala. These data reveal that HR and LR rats exhibit different levels of reactivity in the cortical-limbic pathway, which controls reward-related motivational processes. These findings contribute to the general hypothesis that heterogeneity in emotional processes is one of the causes of sensitisation to amphetamine and drug addiction.

Effects of synthetic cathinone naphyrone in the conditioned place preference test – evidence of its addictive potential

2021 ◽  
pp. 113713
Author(s):  
Hynek Danda ◽  
Nikola Pinterová-Leca ◽  
Klára Šíchová ◽  
Kristýna Štefková-Mazochová ◽  
Kateřina Syrová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Place Preference ◽  
Preference Test ◽  
Place Preference ◽  
Synthetic Cathinone ◽  
Addictive Potential ◽  
Conditioned Place Preference Test

scholarly journals A Neural Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Hippocampal Theta Rhythms: Anatomy, Neurophysiology, and Function

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Grossberg
Keyword(s):  
Entorhinal Cortex ◽  
Category Learning ◽  
Neural Model ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Beta Oscillations ◽  
Emotional Processes ◽  
Theoretical Synthesis ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
And Function ◽  
Hippocampal Theta

This article describes a neural model of the anatomy, neurophysiology, and functions of intrinsic and extrinsic theta rhythms in the brains of multiple species. Topics include how theta rhythms were discovered; how theta rhythms organize brain information processing into temporal series of spatial patterns; how distinct theta rhythms occur within area CA1 of the hippocampus and between the septum and area CA3 of the hippocampus; what functions theta rhythms carry out in different brain regions, notably CA1-supported functions like learning, recognition, and memory that involve visual, cognitive, and emotional processes; how spatial navigation, adaptively timed learning, and category learning interact with hippocampal theta rhythms; how parallel cortical streams through the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) and the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) represent the end-points of the What cortical stream for perception and cognition and the Where cortical stream for spatial representation and action; how the neuromodulator acetylcholine interacts with the septo-hippocampal theta rhythm and modulates category learning; what functions are carried out by other brain rhythms, such as gamma and beta oscillations; and how gamma and beta oscillations interact with theta rhythms. Multiple experimental facts about theta rhythms are unified and functionally explained by this theoretical synthesis.

scholarly journals Sense of Agency Beyond Sensorimotor Process: Decoding Self-Other Action Attribution in the Human Brain

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 4076-4091
Author(s):  
Ryu Ohata ◽  
Tomohisa Asai ◽  
Hiroshi Kadota ◽  
Hiroaki Shigemasu ◽  
Kenji Ogawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Sense Of Agency ◽  
Posterior Parietal ◽  
Sensorimotor Information ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract The sense of agency is defined as the subjective experience that “I” am the one who is causing the action. Theoretical studies postulate that this subjective experience is developed through multistep processes extending from the sensorimotor to the cognitive level. However, it remains unclear how the brain processes such different levels of information and constitutes the neural substrates for the sense of agency. To answer this question, we combined two strategies: an experimental paradigm, in which self-agency gradually evolves according to sensorimotor experience, and a multivoxel pattern analysis. The combined strategies revealed that the sensorimotor, posterior parietal, anterior insula, and higher visual cortices contained information on self-other attribution during movement. In addition, we investigated whether the found regions showed a preference for self-other attribution or for sensorimotor information. As a result, the right supramarginal gyrus, a portion of the inferior parietal lobe (IPL), was found to be the most sensitive to self-other attribution among the found regions, while the bilateral precentral gyri and left IPL dominantly reflected sensorimotor information. Our results demonstrate that multiple brain regions are involved in the development of the sense of agency and that these show specific preferences for different levels of information.

scholarly journals Prenatal EDCs Impair Mate and Odor Preference and Activation of the VMN in Male and Female Rats

Endocrinology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 161 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgan E Hernandez Scudder ◽  
Amy Weinberg ◽  
Lindsay Thompson ◽  
David Crews ◽  
Andrea C Gore
Keyword(s):  
Preference Test ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Early Gene ◽  
Odor Preference ◽  
Pregnant Rat ◽  
Discrimination Ability ◽  
Preference Behavior ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Aroclor 1221

Abstract Environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) disrupt hormone-dependent biological processes. We examined how prenatal exposure to EDCs act in a sex-specific manner to disrupt social and olfactory behaviors in adulthood and underlying neurobiological mechanisms. Pregnant rat dams were injected daily from embryonic day 8 to 18 with 1 mg/kg Aroclor 1221 (A1221), 1 mg/kg vinclozolin, or the vehicle (6% DMSO in sesame oil). A1221 is a mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls (weakly estrogenic) while vinclozolin is a fungicide (anti-androgenic). Adult male offspring exposed to A1221 or vinclozolin, and females exposed to A1221, had impaired mate preference behavior when given a choice between 2 opposite-sex rats that differed by hormone status. A similar pattern of impairment was observed in an odor preference test for urine-soaked filter paper from the same rat groups. A habituation/dishabituation test revealed that all rats had normal odor discrimination ability. Because of the importance of the ventrolateral portion of the ventromedial nucleus (VMNvl) in mate choice, expression of the immediate early gene product Fos was measured, along with its co-expression in estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) cells. A1221 females with impaired mate and odor preference behavior also had increased neuronal activation in the VMNvl, although not specific to ERα-expressing neurons. Interestingly, males exposed to EDCs had normal Fos expression in this region, suggesting that other neurons and/or brain regions mediate these effects. The high conservation of hormonal, olfactory, and behavioral traits necessary for reproductive success means that EDC contamination and its ability to alter these traits has widespread effects on wildlife and humans.

Benzodiazepines increase the reward effects of buprenorphine in a conditioned place preference test in the mouse

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 681-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin-Lin Ma ◽  
Thomas Freret ◽  
Mathilde Lange ◽  
Joanna Bourgine ◽  
Antoine Coquerel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Place Preference ◽  
Preference Test ◽  
Place Preference ◽  
Conditioned Place Preference Test ◽  
Reward Effects

scholarly journals The Occurrence of Pain-Induced Depression Is Different between Rat Models of Inflammatory and Neuropathic Pain

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (17) ◽  
pp. 4016
Author(s):  
Yung-Chi Hsu ◽  
Kuo-Hsing Ma ◽  
Shu-Lin Guo ◽  
Bo-Feng Lin ◽  
Chien-Sung Tsai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Preference Test ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Rat Models ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Initial Injury ◽  
Sucrose Preference Test ◽  
The Brain

Various pain conditions may be associated with depressed mood. However, the effect of inflammatory or neuropathic pain on depression-like behavior and its associated time frame has not been well established in rat models. This frontward study investigated the differences in pain behavior, depression-like behavior, and serotonin transporter (SERT) distribution in the brain between rats subjected to spared nerve injury (SNI)-induced neuropathic pain or complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory pain. A dynamic plantar aesthesiometer and an acetone spray test were used to evaluate mechanical and cold allodynia responses, and depression-like behavior was examined using a forced swimming test and sucrose preference test. We also investigated SERT expression by using positron emission tomography. We found that the inflammation-induced pain was less severe than neuropathic pain from days 3 to 28 after induced pain; however, the CFA-injected rats exhibited more noticeable depression-like behavior and had significantly reduced SERT expression in the brain regions (thalamus and striatum) at an early stage (on days 14, 21, and 28 in two groups of CFA-injected rats versus day 28 in SNI rats). We speculated that not only the pain response after initial injury but also the subsequent neuroinflammation may have been the crucial factors influencing depression-like behavior in rats.

Control of metabolism and growth in embryonic turtles: a test of the urea hypothesis

1989 ◽  
Vol 147 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-216
Author(s):  
G. C. Packard ◽  
M. J. Packard
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Exchange ◽  
Present Form ◽  
Intermediary Metabolism ◽  
Chelydra Serpentina ◽  
Snapping Turtles ◽  
Injection Protocol ◽  
Induced Variation ◽  
Fluid Compartments ◽  
Different Levels

We performed two experiments to determine (1) whether the metabolism and growth of embryonic snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) incubating in wet and dry environments are correlated inversely with the concentration of urea inside their eggs, and (2) whether urea accumulating inside eggs might be the cause of reductions in metabolism and growth by embryos. Eggs in the first experiment were incubated in different hydric environments to induce different patterns of net water exchange between the eggs and their surroundings. Turtles hatching from eggs that were in positive water balance had larger carcasses, smaller residual yolks and lower concentrations of urea in their blood than animals emerging from eggs that were in negative water balance. Thus, we confirmed the existence of correlations among water exchange by eggs, concentrations of urea in fluid compartments inside eggs, and metabolism and growth of embryos. In the second experiment, eggs were injected with solutions of urea at the mid-point of incubation to induce different levels of uremia in developing embryos. The injection protocol induced variation in the concentration of urea in blood of hatchlings similar to that observed in the first experiment for turtles hatching in wet and dry environments. However, the injection protocol did not induce variation in size of hatchlings or in mass of their residual yolk. Thus, the reduction in metabolism and growth of chelonian embryos developing in dry environments does not result from an inhibition of intermediary metabolism caused by urea, and the ‘urea hypothesis’ for control of metabolism cannot be accepted in its present form.

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