Glutathione levels and activities of glutathione metabolism enzymes in patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (10) ◽  
pp. 1199-1214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sakiko Tsugawa ◽  
Yoshihiro Noda ◽  
Ryosuke Tarumi ◽  
Yu Mimura ◽  
Kazunari Yoshida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Glutathione Reductase ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Glutathione Metabolism ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Glutathione Synthetase ◽  
Glutathione System ◽  
Glutathione Disulfide ◽  
Total Glutathione ◽  
Metabolism Enzymes

Background:Glutathione is among the important antioxidants to prevent oxidative stress. However, the relationships between abnormality in the glutathione system and pathophysiology of schizophrenia remain uncertain due to inconsistent findings on glutathione levels and/or glutathione-related enzyme activities in patients with schizophrenia.Methods:A systematic literature search was conducted using Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, and PubMed. Original studies, in which three metabolite levels (glutathione, glutathione disulfide, and total glutathione (glutathione+glutathione disulfide)) and five enzyme activities (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutamate-cysteine ligase, glutathione synthetase, and glutathione S-transferase) were measured with any techniques in both patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls, were included. Standardized mean differences were calculated to determine the group differences in the glutathione levels with a random-effects model.Results:We identified 41, 9, 15, 38, and seven studies which examined glutathione, glutathione disulfide, total glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase, respectively. Patients with schizophrenia had lower levels of both glutathione and total glutathione and decreased activity of glutathione peroxidase compared to controls. Glutathione levels were lower in unmedicated patients with schizophrenia than those in controls while glutathione levels did not differ between patients with first-episode psychosis and controls.Conclusions:Our findings suggested that there may be glutathione deficits and abnormalities in the glutathione redox cycle in patients with schizophrenia. However, given the small number of studies examined the entire glutathione system, further studies are needed to elucidate a better understanding of disrupted glutathione function in schizophrenia, which may pave the way for the development of novel therapeutic strategies in this disorder.

Effects of hypoxia and reoxygenation on lung glutathione system

1990 ◽  
Vol 259 (2) ◽  
pp. H518-H524 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Jackson ◽  
C. F. Veal
Keyword(s):  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Lung Tissue ◽  
Neutrophil Infiltration ◽  
Lavage Fluid ◽  
Glutathione System ◽  
Glutathione Disulfide ◽  
Lung Collapse ◽  
Total Glutathione ◽  
Reexpansion Pulmonary Edema ◽  
The Right

Reexpansion pulmonary edema (RPE) parallels reperfusion (reoxygenation) injuries in other organs in that hypoxic and hypoperfused lung tissue develops increased vascular permeability and neutrophil infiltration after reexpansion. This study investigated the lung cellular glutathione system during hypoxia (produced by lung collapse) and after reoxygenation (produced by reexpansion). Two separate groups of rabbits were studied to determine effects of lung hypoxia-reoxygenation on 1) lung glutathione peroxidase and reductase enzyme activities and 2) lung tissue, plasma, and alveolar lavage fluid total (reduced glutathione plus glutathione disulfide) and oxidized glutathione. Neither lung collapse for 3-7 days nor reexpansion for 2 h after 7 days of collapse affected glutathione peroxidase [controls, 0.36 +/- 0.04 (left), 0.38 +/- 0.03 U/mg DNA (right)] or reductase [controls, 0.12 +/- 0.01 (left), 0.14 +/- 0.01 U/mg DNA (right)] activities. The concentration of glutathione disulfide increased markedly in right alveolar lavage fluid, but not in plasma, after right lung reexpansion. Right lung total glutathione decreased significantly (-19%) after 7 days of collapse. After right lung reexpansion, both left (-65%) and right (-68%) lung total glutathione decreased significantly. The percent of total glutathione present in the oxidized form increased significantly in both left (to 15.5 +/- 4.0% of total) and right (to 18.7 +/- 6.3% of total) lungs after reexpansion of the right lung. These data indicate that lung tissue hypoxia, produced by unilateral lung collapse, was associated with a unilateral decrease in lung total glutathione content. Right lung reoxygenation, due to rapid reexpansion, caused a bilateral decrease in lung total glutathione content and an increase in right lung and alveolar lavage fluid glutathione disulfide concentration.

Dietary supplementation with magnesium citrate may improve pancreatic metabolic indices in an alloxan-induced diabetes rat model

10.5219/1375 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 836-846
Author(s):  
Olena Shatynska ◽  
Oleksandr Tokarskyy ◽  
Petro Lykhatskyi ◽  
Olha Yaremchuk ◽  
Iryna Bandas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Glutathione Reductase ◽  
Fasting Glucose ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Pancreatic Tissue ◽  
Magnesium Supplementation ◽  
Metabolism Enzymes ◽  
Peroxidation Index

The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the protective properties of dietary magnesium supplementation on pancreatic tissue of rats with alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus. Twenty-five male Wistar rats were split into five groups (control, diabetes, diabetes with 100 mg Mg daily, diabetes with 250 mg Mg daily, diabetes with 500 mg Mg daily) with feeding supplementation starting on day 1, diabetes induction on day 21, and animal sacrifice on day 30. Fasting glucose in blood serum was measured on days 21, 25, 27, and day 30. Glucose metabolism enzymes, namely, lactate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, were measured in pancreatic tissue upon the sacrifice, as well as lipid peroxidation, antioxidant system protective enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase), and glutathione system components (glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reduced). Pearson correlation coefficients showed strong negative correlation between serum glucose (control and diabetic animals) and glucose metabolism enzymes, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase in pancreatic tissue (r >-0.9, p <0.05), moderate negative correlation with reduced glutathione (r = -0.79, p <0.05), moderate positive correlation with lipid peroxidation index (r = +0.67, p <0.05), weak correlation with glutathione reductase (r = -0.57, p <0.05). Magnesium supplementation slowed down diabetes onset considering fasting glucose levels in rats (p <0.05), as well as partially restored investigated dehydrogenase levels in the pancreas of rats comparing to diabetes group (p <0.05). The lipid peroxidation index varied between treatments showing the dose-dependent influence of Mg2+. Magnesium supplementation partially restored catalase and superoxide dismutase activities in pancreatic tissue, as well as glutathione peroxidase and reduced glutathione levels (p <0.05), while glutathione reductase levels remained unaffected (p >0.05). The obtained results suggested a model, where magnesium ions may have a possible protective effect on pancreatic tissue against the negative influence of alloxan inside β cells of the pancreas.

Differences in lung glutathione metabolism may account for rodent susceptibility in elastase-induced emphysema development

2009 ◽  
Vol 296 (4) ◽  
pp. R1113-R1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisella R. Borzone ◽  
Leonel F. Liberona ◽  
Andrea P. Bustamante ◽  
Claudia G. Saez ◽  
Pablo R. Olmos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Glutathione Reductase ◽  
Diffuse Alveolar Damage ◽  
Intratracheal Instillation ◽  
Glutathione Metabolism ◽  
Oxidized Glutathione ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Glutamylcysteine Synthetase ◽  
Gsh Metabolism

Syrian Golden hamsters develop more severe emphysema than Sprague-Dawley rats after intratracheal instillation of the same dose of elastase/body weight. Although species variations in antielastase defenses may largely explain these results, other variables, such as differences in lung antioxidants, cannot be overlooked since oxidative stress modulates antiprotease activity. We propose that elastase instillation might affect lung glutathione (GSH) metabolism differently in these species. Our aim was to study in hamsters and rats, lung glutathione metabolism at different times, from the stage of diffuse alveolar damage to advanced emphysema. We measured total and oxidized glutathione content as well as activity and expression of enzymes related to GSH synthesis and redox cycling: γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. Whereas rats showed no significant changes in these measurements, hamsters showed significant derangement in GSH metabolism early after elastase instillation: 25% fall in total GSH ( P < 0.05) with no increase in oxidized glutathione associated with reduced enzyme activities 24 h after elastase [60% for γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase ( P < 0.01), 30% for glutathione peroxidase ( P < 0.01), and 75% for glutathione reductase ( P < 0.001)]. GSH homeostasis was restored at the end of the first week, involving transient increased expression of these enzymes. We conclude that elastase induces significant alterations in GSH metabolism of hamster lungs and no overall change in rat lungs. Although differences in disease severity may account for our findings, the hamster becomes vulnerable to functional inhibition of α1-antitrypsin by oxidants and thus, even more susceptible to injury than it would be, considering only its low α1-antitrypsin level.

scholarly journals АНТИОКСИДАНТНИЙ ЗАХИСТ ТА ПЕРОКИСНЕ ОКИСНЕННЯ ЛІПІДІВ ОРГАНІЗМУ ВИСОКОТІЛЬНИХ КОРІВ ПРИ ПРОФІЛАКТИЦІ САЛЬМОНЕЛЬОЗУ ЗА ВПЛИВУ НАНОПРЕПАРАТУ ГЕРМАКАПУ

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (2(66)) ◽  
pp. 112-116
Author(s):  
P.Y. Lavriv
Keyword(s):  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Glutathione Reductase ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Lipid Body ◽  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
Glutathione System ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Glutathione Reductase Activity ◽  
Radical Processes

The article  deals with the results of experimental research data of relationship between the antioxidant defense system and lipid body peroxidation of high calves cows  under  the influence of nanpreparation Germakap conducted  with simultaneous vaccination with inactivated formol vaccination with repeated  in two weeks later  at the same doses as their  stability and immunity to Salmonella. It was found the likely increase in activity of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase and at the same time, reduction of malon dialdehyde and hydroperoxides lipids and superoxidimutase. These changes in animals  body occur due to complex components adaptive nan preparation Germakap that lead to the normalization of metabolic and free radical processes in animals.  However, the increase in the catalytic activity of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activity in plasma of high calves cows  from research group can be explained by increasing intensity of synthesis in which these enzymes by introducing nan preparation Germakap closely associated with the regeneration of glutathione in the cell, and also the activity of glutathione peroxidase.  Through interaction with restoration of glutathione and glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase it was formed glutathione system that protects cells from stress peroxidation

scholarly journals The glutathione system in bone tissue under the action of copper-zinc ore components and antioxidants administration

2021 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-205
Author(s):  
G R Kuramshina ◽  
F Kh Kamilov
Keyword(s):  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Glutathione Reductase ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Glutathione Transferase ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Antioxidant Vitamin ◽  
Glutathione System ◽  
Thiol Groups ◽  
Chronic Intoxication ◽  
Copper Zinc

Aim. To study changes in the glutathione system in bone tissue during chronic intoxication with elements contained in copper-zinc pyrite ore and antioxidant vitamin administration. Methods. 36 mature male white rats were divided into three groups (control, comparison, experimental). The rats of the experimental and comparison groups received intragastrically copper-zinc pyrite ore powder in a 2% starch solution as a suspension at a dosage of 60 mg/100 g bodyweight daily for three months. During the last month, the experimental group received an antioxidant vitamin preparation (the complex of vitamins with a trace element) containing -tocopherol, -carotene, ascorbic acid and selenium. The content of reduced glutathione, free thiol groups in proteins, the activity of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione transferase, glutathione reductase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were determined in homogenates derived from femoral epiphysis. The statistical analysis of the results was performed using Statistica 6.0 software. The median (Me) and percentiles (Q1 and Q2) were calculated, a non-parametric MannWhitney U test was carried out to compare study groups. Results. Chronic intoxication with elements contained in copper-zinc pyrite ore causes impairment of the glutathione system in bone tissue. Intoxicated rats showed a decrease in the reduced glutathione content to 71.9% (р=0.014) and free sulfhydryl groups of proteins to 77.8% (р=0.0143), inhibition of glutathione-dependent antioxidant enzymes activities, and disruption of the glutathione reduction system in tissues, compared to the control group. Antioxidant vitamin administration increased the levels of reduced glutathione and free thiol groups of proteins, activated the enzymes involved in the glutathione system: the reduced glutathione content increased to 94.8% (p=0.2132), glutathione peroxidase activity to 85.7% (p=0.0432), glutathione transferase up to 94.3% (p=0.5251), glutathione reductase up to 86.1% (p=0.0442) compared to the control group. Conclusion. Chronic intoxication with metals contained in copper-zinc pyrite ore leads to decreasing the content of reduced glutathione and free thiol groups of proteins in bones along with reducing glutathione reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities, inhibition of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase; an antioxidant vitamin administration increases the activity of glutathione reduction enzymes in bone tissue, the content of reduced glutathione and free sulfhydryl groups of proteins, the activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase.

scholarly journals The rat blood glutathione system under obesity development with the compatible consumption of the kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) pods extract

2018 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
A. Yurchenko ◽  
D. Krenytska ◽  
M. Tymoshenko
Keyword(s):  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Glutathione Reductase ◽  
Glutathione Transferase ◽  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
Kidney Bean ◽  
Glutathione System ◽  
Activity Increase ◽  
Calorie Diet ◽  
High Calorie Diet ◽  
High Calorie

The state of the glutathione-dependent link of the antioxidant blood system of rats under obesity development and with the compatible consumption of the kidney bean (P. vulgaris) pods extract was studied. Glutathione system forms functional basis of organism antioxidant defense system and disturbances in its work can lead to a number of serious cytotoxic and destructive lesions. Glutathione system constituent elements has its own glutathione and enzymes, which catalyze the reaction of its reverse transformation. These include glutathione peroxidase, glutathione transferase, and glutathione reductase. It is known that the water kidney bean (P. vulgaris) pods extract has hypoglycemic properties. However, complex studies of the polyfunctional action of this extract in obesity are absent. The obtained results indicate a decrease in the overall potential of the glutathione system in animals on a high-calorie diet. It has been established that glutathione peroxidase activity (GP) decreases in the serum of rats under experimental obesity, also glutathione transferase (GT) and glutathione reductase (GR) activity increase compared to the corresponding values in control animals. Our results demonstrated the concentration decrease of recovered glutathione (GSH) under consumption of high-calorie diet compared to the control. The findings after 6-th weeks of kidney bean (P. vulgaris) pods extract consumption indicate the positive modulating effect of this extract on the content of GSH and the activity of GP, GT and GR in rats with the obesity development. Probably, the consumption of this extract leads to attraction of the investigated components of the antioxidant system to the reactions of neutralization of toxic free radical compounds that were formed against the background of the development of obesity. Further studies may serve as the basis for the development of new therapeutic or medicinal preparations that based on the kidney bean (P. vulgaris) pods extract, because of still no consensus on the treatment of obesity.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF HEAVY METAL S, ORGANOPHOSPHATE PESTICIDES AND PEPTIDES ON THE ENZYME ACTIVITY OF GLUTATHIONE SYSTEM

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ye. B. Dmukhalska ◽  
Ya. I. Honsky
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Lead Acetate ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Glutathione Metabolism ◽  
Organophosphate Pesticides ◽  
Glutathione System ◽  
Metabolism Enzymes

The reduced glutathione content and the glutathione metabolism enzymes activity in organs and blood plasma of rats under conditions of lead acetate, copper sulphate and glyphosate in Roundup form were studied. The glutathioneperoxidase, the glutathionereductase activity and the concentration of glutathione decreases during action of heavy metals and glyphosate. It was found out that peptide exhibits antioxidant activity, the correction of the peptide and glutathione content.

Changes in glutathione metabolic enzymes during yeast-to-mycelium conversion of Candida albicans

1996 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merlin Manavathu ◽  
Elias Manavathu ◽  
Suresh Gunasekaran ◽  
Quallyna Porte ◽  
Muthukumaran Gunasekaran
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Glutathione Reductase ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Glutathione Metabolism ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Mycelial Form ◽  
Glutamic Acid Residue ◽  
Germ Tubes

Candida albicans is a dimorphic yeast capable of producing alternate morphological forms (yeast or mycelium) in response to environmental changes. The intracellular level of glutathione, which helps to maintain the redox potential of the cell, is decreased significantly during the thermal induction of yeast-to-mycelium conversion. The reason for the decline of glutathione in the mycelial form is not understood. We have, therefore, investigated the levels of glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, and glutathione peroxidase, four key enzymes involved in glutathione metabolism, in the yeast and mycelial forms. Yeast cells of C. albicans 3153A were induced in Lee's medium (pH 6.5) at 37 °C for 3 h to produce germ tubes. Cell lysates were prepared from yeast and mycelial cells, and glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, and glutathione peroxidase were assayed spectrophotometrically. There was a 640% increase of the level of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase in the germ tubes as compared with the yeast cells. No other significant alteration of the levels of enzymes was noted. This increased activity of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, which cleaves the glutamic acid residue of glutathione (Glu-Cys-Gly) appears to be, at least in part, responsible for the rapid decrease of the intracellular glutathione in C. albicans during the yeast-to-mycelium conversion.Key words: Candida albicans, dimorphism, glutathione, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase.

scholarly journals State of glutathione system in the serum of rats in experimental osteoarthritis and administration of chondroitin sulphate

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-49
Author(s):  
E. Tikhova ◽  
M. Tymoshenko ◽  
Y. Kovelska ◽  
K. Dvorshchenko
Keyword(s):  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Chondroitin Sulphate ◽  
Oxidized Glutathione ◽  
Glutathione System ◽  
Chemically Induced ◽  
Experimental Osteoarthritis

It was established that in osteoarthritis induced by administering of sodium monoiodacetate in the blood serum of rats glutathione system enzyme activities reduced – glutathione peroxidase, glutathione, oxidized glutathione and the ratio of redox glutathione forms moved towards oxidation. It has been found that after the introduction of the drug based on the sodium chondroitin sulphate enzyme activities grew and glutathione balance normalized in the serum of rats with chemically induced osteoarthritis.

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