scholarly journals Disentangling the Relationship between Physician and Organizational Performance: A Signal Detection Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 746-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Kostopoulou ◽  
Martine Nurek ◽  
Brendan C. Delaney
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Mediation Model ◽  
Urgent Referral ◽  
Detection Approach ◽  
Referral Decision ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Stable Feature

Background. In previous research, we employed a signal detection approach to measure the performance of general practitioners (GPs) when deciding about urgent referral for suspected lung cancer. We also explored associations between provider and organizational performance. We found that GPs from practices with higher referral positive predictive value (PPV; chance of referrals identifying cancer) were more reluctant to refer than those from practices with lower PPV. Here, we test the generalizability of our findings to a different cancer. Methods. A total of 252 GPs responded to 48 vignettes describing patients with possible colorectal cancer. For each vignette, respondents decided whether urgent referral to a specialist was needed. They then completed the 8-item Stress from Uncertainty scale. We measured GPs’ discrimination ( d′) and response bias (criterion; c) and their associations with organizational performance and GP demographics. We also measured correlations of d′ and c between the 2 studies for the 165 GPs who participated in both. Results. As in the lung study, organizational PPV was associated with response bias: in practices with higher PPV, GPs had higher criterion (b = 0.05 [0.03 to 0.07]; P < 0.001), that is, they were less inclined to refer. As in the lung study, female GPs were more inclined to refer than males (b = −0.17 [−0.30 to −0.105]; P = 0.005). In a mediation model, stress from uncertainty did not explain the gender difference. Only response bias correlated between the 2 studies ( r = 0.39, P < 0.001). Conclusions. This study confirms our previous findings regarding the relationship between provider and organizational performance and strengthens the finding of gender differences in referral decision making. It also provides evidence that response bias is a relatively stable feature of GP referral decision making.

scholarly journals Referral Decision Making of General Practitioners: A Signal Detection Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Kostopoulou ◽  
Martine Nurek ◽  
Simona Cantarella ◽  
Grace Okoli ◽  
Francesca Fiorentino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
General Practitioners ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Discrimination Ability ◽  
Urgent Referral ◽  
Referral Decisions ◽  
Referral Decision

Background. Signal detection theory (SDT) describes how respondents categorize ambiguous stimuli over repeated trials. It measures separately “discrimination” (ability to recognize a signal amid noise) and “criterion” (inclination to respond “signal” v. “noise”). This is important because respondents may produce the same accuracy rate for different reasons. We employed SDT to measure the referral decision making of general practitioners (GPs) in cases of possible lung cancer. Methods. We constructed 44 vignettes of patients for whom lung cancer could be considered and estimated their 1-year risk. Under UK risk-based guidelines, half of the vignettes required urgent referral. We recruited 216 GPs from practices across England. Practices differed in the positive predictive value (PPV) of their urgent referrals (chance of referrals identifying cancer) and the sensitivity (chance of cancer patients being picked up via urgent referral from their practice). Participants saw the vignettes online and indicated whether they would refer each patient urgently or not. We calculated each GP’s discrimination ( d ′) and criterion ( c) and regressed these on practice PPV and sensitivity, as well as on GP experience and gender. Results. Criterion was associated with practice PPV: as PPV increased, GPs’ c also increased, indicating lower inclination to refer ( b = 0.06 [0.02–0.09]; P = 0.001). Female GPs were more inclined to refer than male GPs ( b = −0.20 [−0.40 to −0.001]; P = 0.049). Average discrimination was modest ( d′ = 0.77), highly variable (range, −0.28 to 1.91), and not associated with practice referral performance. Conclusions. High referral PPV at the organizational level indicates GPs’ inclination to avoid false positives, not better discrimination. Rather than bluntly mandating increases in practice PPV via more referrals, it is necessary to increase discrimination by improving the evidence base for cancer referral decisions.

Associations between collectivism and perception of social threat: a signal detection approach

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuong-Van Vu ◽  
Catrin Finkenauer ◽  
Lydia Krabbendam
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Social Adjustment ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Social Threat ◽  
Threat Detection ◽  
Perceptual Sensitivity ◽  
Detection Approach ◽  
Self Construal ◽  
The Individual

Collectivistic orientation, which entails interdependent self-construal and concern for interpersonal harmony and social adjustment, has been suggested to be associated with detecting emotional expressions that signal social threat than individualistic orientation, which entails independent self-construal. The present research tested if this detection is a result of enhanced perceptual sensitivity or of response bias. We used country as proxy of individualism and collectivism (Country IC), measured IC of individuals with a questionnaire (Individual IC) and manipulated IC with culture priming (Situational IC). Dutch participants in the Netherlands (n = 143) and Chinese participants in China (n = 151) performed a social threat detection task where they had to categorize ambiguous facial expressions as “angry” or “not angry”. As the stimuli varied in degrees of scowling and frequency of presentation, we were able to measure the participants' perceptual sensitivity and response bias following the principles of the Signal Detection Theory. On the Country IC level, the results indicated that individualism-representative Dutch participants had higher perceptual sensitivity than collectivism-representative Chinese participants; whereas, Chinese participants were more biased towards categorizing a scowling face as “angry” than the Dutch (i.e. stronger liberal bias). In both groups, collectivism on the Individual IC was associated with a bias towards recognizing a scowling face as “not angry” (i.e. stronger conservative bias). Culture priming (Situational IC) affected neither perceptual sensitivity nor response bias. Our data suggested that cultural differences were in the form of behavioral tendency and IC entails multiple constructs linked to different outcomes in social threat detection.

scholarly journals A Signal Detection Approach to the Perception of Affective Prosody in Anxious Individuals: A Developmental Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Megan Humphrey
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Interpretation Bias ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
Affective Prosody ◽  
Detection Approach ◽  
Anxiety Levels ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Filtered Speech

<p>The present study used a Signal Detection approach to the study of prosody perception in children and adults who self-reported high levels of anxiety. Seventy-one children aged eight and nine years, and 85 adults listened to filtered speech and were required to discriminate angry, fearful and happy tones of voice. Anxiety levels were not associated with perception of affective prosody in adults. Levels of anxiety were related to children's criterion but not sensitivity to prosody. Highly anxious children were significantly more liberal in reporting fearful prosody compared to low anxious children. Analyses of total responses suggest that this criterion is reflective of an interpretation bias as opposed to a response bias. Given that the interpretation bias was observed in children and not adults, it is possible that the bias may mark a vulnerability to develop further anxiety. This is consistent with previous experimental findings in other modalities as well as integrative models of anxiety development that identify such cognitive biases as predisposing factors. Furthermore, regardless of anxiety level, children were comparable to adults in their accuracy for fearful prosody, yet were significantly poorer than adults in their accuracy for angry and happy prosody. This suggests that fear may be one of the first emotions children learn to identify.</p>

The Relationships between Top Management Demographic Characteristics, Rational Decision Making, Environmental Munificence, and Firm Performance

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 999-1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Goll ◽  
Abdul A. Rasheed
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Firm Performance ◽  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Top Management ◽  
Rational Decision ◽  
Environmental Munificence ◽  
Rational Decision Making ◽  
The Relationship

This study examines the relationships between top management demographics, rational decision making (RDM), munificence, and firm performance. We expect top management demographics to influence rational decision making, and rational decision making to influence firm performance. In addition, we hypothesize a moderating effect of environmental munificence on the rational decision making-firm performance relationship. To test these hypotheses, we conducted a survey that measured RDM. Top management demographic characteristics, environmental munificence, and firm performance were collected from archival sources. We examined the relationships between RDM and top management age, tenure, and education level, using regression analyses. The results of this study provide support for the assertion that top management demographic characteristics influence decision making, and for the role of environmental munificence as a moderator in the relationship between decision making and organizational performance.

scholarly journals The rhythm of effective entrepreneurs’ decision-making process. The pathways of alertness scanning and search and cognitive style. A mediation model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Sassetti ◽  
Vincenzo Cavaliere ◽  
Sara Lombardi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Style ◽  
Cognitive Styles ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Mediation Model ◽  
Scant Attention ◽  
Entrepreneurial Decision ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractHow can entrepreneurs be effective when making decisions? To enrich current research on entrepreneurship and cognition, the present study shows how alertness and decision making are closely related. Prompted by the scant attention that scholars have paid to the link between alertness and the pathways of entrepreneurs’ thought, it proposes that being alert by adequately scanning and searching for information is likely to increase decision-making effectiveness. Distinguishing between rational and intuitive cognitive styles and based on a sample of 98 Italian entrepreneurs from small and medium manufacturing companies, the analysis shows that while a rational cognitive style significantly mediated the relationship, intuition did not play a role in shaping entrepreneurial decision-making effectiveness. The results suggest that developing individual alertness might not be sufficient for entrepreneurs to make effective decisions; a rational cognitive style might also be a key mechanism shaping this association.

scholarly journals An Empirical Examination of the Relationship Between Data Storytelling Competency and Business Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 42-73
Author(s):  
Mohammad Kamel Daradkeh
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Domain Knowledge ◽  
Business Performance ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Business Analytics ◽  
Mediation Model ◽  
Empirical Examination ◽  
Resource Based View ◽  
Antecedents And Consequences ◽  
The Relationship

With the proliferation of big data and business analytics practices, data storytelling has gained increasing importance as an effective means for communicating analytical insights to the target audience to support decision-making and improve business performance. However, there is a limited empirical understanding of the relationship between data storytelling competency, decision-making quality, and business performance. Drawing on the resource-based view (RBV), this study develops and validates the concept of data storytelling competency as a multidimensional construct consisting of data quality, story quality, storytelling tool quality, storyteller skills, and storyteller domain knowledge. It also develops a mediation model to examine the relationship between data storytelling competency and business performance, and whether this relationship is mediated by decision-making quality. Based on an empirical analysis of data collected from business analytics practitioners, the results of this study reveal that the data storytelling competency is positively linked to business performance, which is partially mediated by decision-making quality. These results provide a theoretical basis for further investigation of possible antecedents and consequences of data storytelling competency. They also offer guidance for practitioners on how to leverage data storytelling capabilities in business analytics practices to improve decision-making and business performance.

scholarly journals Academic Procrastination: Relationships with Support from the Environment and Self-Leadership

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tais Guedes de Melo ◽  
Helenides Mendonça
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Leadership Strategies ◽  
Academic Procrastination ◽  
Learning Support ◽  
Mediation Model ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Procrastination is the behavior related to voluntary delays at the beginning or end of tasks and in decision making. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mediational effect of self-leadership strategies on the relationship between academic procrastination and support from the environment. A cross-sectional correlational study was carried out with the participation of 1,436 students. Three instruments were used: Learning Support Scale, Academic Procrastination Scale - Short Form and Revised Self-Leadership Questionnaire. The findings confirmed the hypotheses by demonstrating that the more students use self-leadership strategies, the less they procrastinate and the lesser the influence of support from the environment. The full mediation model has been confirmed. The study stands out for its understanding of procrastination and the influence of support from the environment and self-leadership. It is suggested that further longitudinal studies be conducted, assessing differences in these behaviors between groups of students, programs, levels of higher education or shifts.

scholarly journals A Signal Detection Approach to the Perception of Affective Prosody in Anxious Individuals: A Developmental Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Megan Humphrey
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Interpretation Bias ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
Affective Prosody ◽  
Detection Approach ◽  
Anxiety Levels ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Filtered Speech

<p>The present study used a Signal Detection approach to the study of prosody perception in children and adults who self-reported high levels of anxiety. Seventy-one children aged eight and nine years, and 85 adults listened to filtered speech and were required to discriminate angry, fearful and happy tones of voice. Anxiety levels were not associated with perception of affective prosody in adults. Levels of anxiety were related to children's criterion but not sensitivity to prosody. Highly anxious children were significantly more liberal in reporting fearful prosody compared to low anxious children. Analyses of total responses suggest that this criterion is reflective of an interpretation bias as opposed to a response bias. Given that the interpretation bias was observed in children and not adults, it is possible that the bias may mark a vulnerability to develop further anxiety. This is consistent with previous experimental findings in other modalities as well as integrative models of anxiety development that identify such cognitive biases as predisposing factors. Furthermore, regardless of anxiety level, children were comparable to adults in their accuracy for fearful prosody, yet were significantly poorer than adults in their accuracy for angry and happy prosody. This suggests that fear may be one of the first emotions children learn to identify.</p>

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