Effect of Ionic and Non-Ionic Contrast Media on Aggregation of Red Blood Cells in Vitro

1987 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Raininko ◽  
S.-L. Ylinen
Keyword(s):  
Contrast Media ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Animal Blood ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Ionic Contrast ◽  
Physiologic Saline ◽  
Meglumine Diatrizoate ◽  
Human Red Cells

Fresh human blood without additives, and contrast medium were mixed and examined immediately by light microscopy in a non-flowing state. Sodium meglumine diatrizoate, meglumine diatrizoate, meglumine iodamide, sodium meglumine ioxaglate, iopromide, iopamidol, iohexol, and metrizamide were tested in concentrations of 300 mg I/ml. Physiologic saline and 5% glucose were used as controls. All media were tested in a randomized order with blood samples from 23 volunteers. No aggregation was detected in physiologic saline, and few rouleaux were found in ionic contrast media. Irregular red cell aggregates were found in all low-osmolal contrast media: in 17 per cent of the specimens in ioxaglate, in 52 per cent in metrizamide, and in 78 to 100 per cent in other non-ionic media. Irregular aggregates were seen in all specimens with glucose. It remains to be demonstrated whether or not the irregular aggregation of human red cells in non-ionic contrast media has clinical significance. Iohexol was also tested with blood samples from several laboratory animals, but in nearly every case no aggregates were found. Results of animal experiments or tests with animal blood seem to be poorly applicable to man.

Intravascular Contrast Media and Thrombin Generation

1994 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Parvez ◽  
H. Vik
Keyword(s):  
Contrast Media ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Thrombin Generation ◽  
Rabbit Brain ◽  
Tissue Thromboplastin ◽  
Physiologic Saline ◽  
Meglumine Diatrizoate ◽  
Plasma Recalcification Time ◽  
Recalcification Time

This study focuses on the effect of contrast media (CM) on thrombin generation. In vitro studies consisted of incubating nonanticoagulated whole blood with ionic CM (sodium meglumine diatrizoate, ioxaglate), nonionic CM (iohexol, iopamidol) or glucose in plastic tubes. Thrombin generation was assessed by measuring F1 + 2, ATM and FpA levels in plasma using ELISA assay kits. In a separate protocol, the procoagulant activity of 3 nonionic CM (iohexol, iopamidol, and iopromide) was investigated by one-stage plasma recalcification time method. Rabbit brain tissue thromboplastin and physiologic saline were used as standard and experimental controls. Incubation of ionic and nonionic CM with whole blood did not enhance thrombin generation compared to glucose control. Similarly, the plasma recalcification times were not significantly shortened by either of the 3 nonionic CM tested. These studies suggest that ionic and nonionic CM exhibit different levels of anticoagulant properties in vitro and the latter are not procoagulant materials.

Granulocyte Adherence is Inhibited by Radiographic Contrast Media in Vitro

1992 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Rasmussen ◽  
S. Antonsen ◽  
J. Georgsen
Keyword(s):  
Contrast Media ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Autologous Plasma ◽  
Radiographic Contrast ◽  
Radiographic Contrast Media ◽  
Meglumine Diatrizoate ◽  
High Concentrations

Different amounts of diatrizoate, ioxaglate, iohexol, iodixanol, NaCl 1000 mOsm/kg, mannitol 1098 mOsm/kg, and meglumine (meglumine concentrations corresponding to the content in the diatrizoate solutions) were added to either whole blood or a suspension of granulocytes in autologous plasma, and the adherence to nylon fibers was determined. At high concentrations all the investigated contrast media (CM) inhibited granulocyte adherence. The degree of inhibition was significantly greater when the ionic CM diatrizoate and ioxaglate were used, as compared with the nonionic media. Meglumine solutions at high concentrations also inhibited adherence but significantly less than diatrizoate solutions containing the same amount of meglumine. Diatrizoate showed the greatest inhibitory effect on granulocyte adherence, and significant inhibition could be detected even with a 1.25% solution.

Isolated hemoperfused heart model of slaughterhouse pigs

2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 215-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Modersohn ◽  
S. Eddicks ◽  
C. Grosse-Siestrup ◽  
I. Ast ◽  
S. Holinski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Function ◽  
Heart Function ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Coronary Perfusion ◽  
Balloon Catheters ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Infusion Of Norepinephrine

A model of hemoperfused slaughterhouse pighearts is described providing a wide range of applications which leads to a reduction in animal experiments. The size of a pigheart, heart rate, coronary perfusion, metabolism, etc. are more comparable to conditions in patients than those in hearts of small laboratory animals. Global heart function can be assessed either by measuring stroke volume, ejection fraction, Emaxetc. in the working model or by measuring intraventricular pressure with balloon catheters in the isovolumetric model. Regional cardiac function can be measured by sonomicrometry and ischemic and non-ischemic areas can be compared. Local metabolic changes are measurable as well with microdialysis. Cardiac function can be kept on any given functional level by infusion of norepinephrine in spite of the fact that functional parameters are lower without adrenergic drive in vitro than in vivo. Stable heart function can be maintained for several hours with only 500 to 1000 ml of blood because the blood is permanently regenerated by a special dialysis system. This model can be applied in many research projects dealing with reperfusion injuries, inotropic, antiarrhythmic or arrhythmogenic effects of certain drugs, immunological rejection, evaluation of imaging systems (NMR, echocardiography etc.) or cardiac assist devices.

Reducing the Risk of Ventricular Fibrillation by Adding Sodium to Ionic and Non-Ionic Contrast Media with Low Iodine Concentration

1989 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Bååth ◽  
T. Almén
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Ventricular Fibrillation ◽  
Contrast Media ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Contractile Force ◽  
Ionic Ratio ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Ionic Contrast ◽  
Meglumine Diatrizoate

To compare the fibrillatory propensity of low concentrations of contrast media (140 mg I/ml) the ionic, ratio 1.5, contrast medium meglumine diatrizoate, the non-ionic, ratio 3, medium iopentol and equimolar glucose (0.37 mol/l) were perfused into 35 isolated rabbit hearts. The three substances were compared at three levels of sodium concentration (0, 77 and 154 mmol Na+/l). Meglumine diatrizoate without sodium caused the highest frequency of ventricular fibrillation (91 %). Iopentol without sodium caused a significantly lower frequency of ventricular fibrillation (17%). Glucose without sodium caused no fibrillation. The addition of 77 or 154 mmol Na+/l significantly decreased the frequency of ventricular fibrillation of both meglumine diatrizoate (3 % and 6%) and iopentol (0%). Meglumine diatrizoate with sodium added caused a lower frequency of ventricular fibrillation than iopentol without sodium. At equal sodium concentrations (0, 77 and 154 mmol Na+/l) glucose caused smaller reduction in contractile force and heart rate than iopentol, and iopentol caused smaller reduction in contractile force and heart rate than diatrizoate. It is concluded that addition of sodium to ionic or non-ionic contrast media without sodium decreases the risk of ventricular fibrillation.

New molecular approach for the detection of Kinetoplastida parasites of medical and veterinary interest

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hacène Medkour ◽  
Marie Varloud ◽  
Bernard Davoust ◽  
Oleg Mediannikov
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Molecular Approach ◽  
Animal Blood ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Leishmania Spp ◽  
Screening Sensitivity ◽  
Analytical Sensitivities

Abstract Background Kinetoplastids are a remarkable group of protists, containing a range of ubiquitous free-living species–pathogens of invertebrates, vertebrates and even some plants. Trypanosoma species cause sleeping sickness and Chagas disease, whereas the leishmaniases kill and debilitate hundreds of thousands of people worldwide. The diagnosis of a series of pathogenic kinetoplastids is based on clinical manifestations, epidemiological and laboratory data and, for laboratory methods, a gold standard is often missing for human or animal patients. The aim of this study was to implement a molecular approach for the diagnosis and study of Kinetoplastida. Methods The TaqMan qPCR assays targeting: the 24Sa LSU for Kinetoplastida, 28S LSU for Leishmania/ Trypanosoma spp., 5.8S rRNA for Trypanosoma spp., 18S SSU for Leishmania spp., Kinetoplast minicircle DNA (kDNA) L. donovani complex and the L. infantum specific qPCR were designed, validated for their sensitivity and specificity in silico and then in vitro using a panel of known DNAs and after that they were used in the screening of 369 blood samples (358 dogs, 2 equids, 9 monkeys) . In addition, the new 28S LSU primer sets are presented for use in Kinetoplastida's identification by PCR and sequencing. Results All qPCR assays showed high analytical sensitivities without failures. They detect about 0.01 parasite/ mL blood for the kDNA based qPCR and at least a single cell-equivalent of rDNA for the other systems. Based on the sequencing results, after screening, sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) were: 0. 919 and 0.971, 0.853 and 0.979, 1.00 and 0.987, 0.826 and 0.995 for all of Kinetoplastida, Leishmania/ Trypanosoma, Trypanosoma, Leishmania spp. specific qPCRs, respectively. kDNA based qPCRs were more sensitive and specific (Se: 1.00; Sp: 0.997). PCR and sequencing allowed the detection of Kinetoplastids in animal blood samples such as: L. infantum, L. guyanensis, T. congolense, T. evansi and Bodo spp.. Conclusion The molecular approach proposed in this study is useful in epidemiological studies, in fundamental research such as screening for new Kinetoplastida species, in diagnosis and therapeutic follow-up. In addition, researchers are free to choose the molecular tools adapted to their studies.

A Comparative Study of Fibrinolytic Activity in Human, Rat, Rabbit, and Dog Biood

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Hedlin ◽  
F. C. Monkhouse ◽  
S. M. Milojevic
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Fibrinolytic Activity ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Animal Blood ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Human Samples ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
High Level

Fibrinolytic activity in the blood of commonly used laboratory animals: rats, rabbits, and dogs, was compared to that of the human. It was found that the animal blood required activation with high concentrations of urokinase or streptokinase before dilute whole blood fibrinolytic activity could be detected; in contrast, the human samples lysed spontaneously. The failure to detect spontaneous fibrinolysis in the animal blood samples was shown to be due to a high level of antifibrinolytic activity. As demonstrated by this study, the rat, rabbit, and dog are not acceptable as substitutes for the human in fibrinolytic studies.

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