scholarly journals Spontaneous Amyloidosis of Mammals

1971 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 292-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Jakob
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Anatomical Distribution ◽  
Etiological Factors ◽  
Amyloid Deposits

Spontaneous amyloidosis is known in more than 30 mammalian species. Various patterns of mammalian amyloidosis are reviewed. On the basis of the anatomical distribution of the amyloid deposits a distinction is made between patterns with typical amyloid distribution, patterns with atypical distribution, and so-called intermediate or mixed patterns. Staining, histochemical, and electron microscopic properties of amyloid and possible etiological factors of amyloidosis in different mammalian species are briefly discussed.

Immunocytochemical Localization of Amyloid Protein AA in the “Dense Fibrillar Inclusions” of the Reticuloendothelical Cells

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 438-439
Author(s):  
T. Shirahama ◽  
M. Skinner ◽  
A.S. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Amyloid Fibril ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Fibril Formation ◽  
Amyloid Protein ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Amyloid Deposits ◽  
Amyloid Fibril Formation ◽  
Electron Microscopic Technique ◽  
Lysosomal System

A1thought the mechanisms of amyloidogenesis have not been entirely clarified, proteolysis of the parent proteins may be one of the important steps in the amyloid fibril formation. Recently, we reported that "dense fibrillar inclusions" (DFI), which had the characteristics of lysosomes and contained organized fibrillar profiles as well, were observed in the reticuloendothelial cells in close association with the foci of new amyloid deposits. We considered the findings as evidence for the involvement of lysosomal system in amyloid fibril formation (l). In the present study, we attempted to determine the identity of the contents of the DFI by the use of antisera against the amyloid protein (AA) and an immuno-electron microscopic technique.Amyloidosis was induced in CBA/J mice by daily injections of casein (l). AA was isolated from amyloid-laden spleens by gel filtration and antibody to it was produced in rabbits (2). For immunocytochemistry, the unlabeled antibody enzyme method (3) was employed.

Acid Phosphatase Activity in Spiral Ganglion Neurons of C57BL/6 Mice

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1104-1105
Author(s):  
Glenn M. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Spiral Ganglion ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Sensory Hair Cells ◽  
Dense Deposits ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Ganglion Neurons ◽  
Marker Molecule

C57BL/6 mice, along with several other mouse genotypes, have served as models for human presbycusis (age-related hearing losses). C57BL/6 mice and their genetic substrain C57/M6 show progressively severe hearing losses, starting as early as 30 days postnatally. The hearing losses result from sweeping degeneration of sensory (hair) cells and neurons that begins in the basal end of the cochlea and advances apically. Although the underlying mechanisms orchestrating sensory and neural degeneration are not known, it is possible to correlate degenerative events with the cytoplasmic levels and distribution patterns of a marker molecule, such as acid phosphatase (AP). AP, a representative lysosomal enzyme, plays a role in both normal cellular metabolism and degenerative changes (trauma and senescence). AP activity is visualized histochemically at the light and electron microscopic levels by the presence of dense deposits within lysosomes.

Protein bodies in Datura stramonium seeds: structure and mineral nutrient composition

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 2545-2554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Maldonado ◽  
John N. A. Lott
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Datura Stramonium ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Protein Bodies ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Endosperm Protein

The structure of protein bodies in the endosperm and embryo of Datura stramonium was studied with a variety of light-and electron-microscopic techniques. Protein bodies had one to several globoid crystals and one or two protein crystalloids in the proteinaceous matrix. Although the embryo protein bodies rarely had more than two globoid crystals, the endosperm protein bodies had varying sizes and numbers of globoid crystals, even within the same cell. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis of globoid crystals revealed the presence of P, K, and Mg in all cases. Traces of Fe, Mn, and Zn were also found in globoid crystals of protein bodies from certain cell types. The distribution patterns of these three elements were quite specific; for example, Mn traces were found only in the globoid crystals of the protoderm. Neutron-activation analysis of endosperm and embryo tissues was used to quantitatively measure the concentration of Ca, Cl, Cu, I, K, Mg, Mn, Na, and S. The results from structural studies and the element analysis studies are discussed in the context of solanaceous seeds in particular but also with relation to seeds in general. Key words: protein bodies, Datura stramonium, seed, globoid crystals, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, Solanaceae.

Light Microscopic, Immunohistochemical, and Electron Microscopic Features of Amyloid Arthropathy in Chickens

1997 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 271-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. H. M. T. Peperkamp ◽  
W. J. M. Landman ◽  
P. C. J. Tooten ◽  
A. Ultee ◽  
W. F. Voorhout ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Amyloid Fibrils ◽  
Superficial Layer ◽  
Immunogold Electron Microscopy ◽  
Amyloid Formation ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Amyloid Deposits ◽  
Amyloid Arthropathy

Amyloid arthropathy has been recently recognized as a spontaneous syndrome in chickens. Predominantly, femorotibial and tarsometatarsal joints were affected, showing (peri) articular orange amyloid deposits. Immunohistochemical evaluation revealed the amyloid to be of the reactive type. Induction of amyloid arthropathy in chickens was carried out using a single intravenous injection of Enterococcus faecalis cultures. In the naturally occurring and the induced cases, amyloid deposits were found in the hypertrophic synovial villi and in the articular cartilage, particularly in the superficial layer and in the nutritional blood vessel walls. Highly sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were found in the amyloid deposits. Ultrastructurally, bundles of amyloid fibrils were seen in invaginations of synoviocytes and chondrocytes. Immunogold electron microscopy failed to reveal signs of intracellular amyloid formation. The predilection site for amyloid deposition in the major leg joints of the chickens with reactive amyloid could be explained by the arthritic condition caused by Enterococcus faecalis bacteriaemia. The polyarthritis triggers hepatic acute phase protein synthesis and increases the vascular serum amyloid A (SAA) supply to the joint. Inflammatory and degenerative changes in the articular cartilage and adjoining tissues result in an increase of highly sulphated GAGs, which are considered to enhance deposition of SAA as amyloid.

scholarly journals Identification of KiSS-1 Product Kisspeptin and Steroid-Sensitive Sexually Dimorphic Kisspeptin Neurons in Medaka (Oryzias latipes)

Endocrinology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 149 (5) ◽  
pp. 2467-2476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinji Kanda ◽  
Yasuhisa Akazome ◽  
Takuya Matsunaga ◽  
Naoyuki Yamamoto ◽  
Shunji Yamada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Neuronal System ◽  
Anatomical Distribution ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
Hypothalamic Nuclei ◽  
Steroid Sensitive ◽  
Neuronal Systems ◽  
The Brain

Recently, a novel physiologically active peptide, kisspeptin (metastin), has been reported to facilitate sexual maturation and ovulation by directly stimulating GnRH neurons in several mammalian species. Despite its importance in the neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction, kisspeptin neurons have only been studied in mammals, and there has been no report on the kisspeptin or kisspeptin neuronal systems in nonmammalian vertebrates. We used medaka for the initial identification of the KiSS-1 gene and the anatomical distribution of KiSS-1 mRNA expressing neurons (KiSS-1 neurons) in the brain of nonmammalian species. In situ hybridization for the medaka KiSS-1 gene cloned here proved that two kisspeptin neuronal populations are localized in the hypothalamic nuclei, the nucleus posterioris periventricularis and the nucleus ventral tuberis (NVT). Furthermore, NVT KiSS-1 neurons were sexually dimorphic in number (male neurons ≫ female neurons) under the breeding conditions. We also found that the number of KiSS-1 neurons in the NVT but not that in the nucleus posterioris periventricularis was positively regulated by ovarian estrogens. The fact that there were clear differences in the number of NVT KiSS-1 neurons between the fish under the breeding and nonbreeding conditions strongly suggests that the steroid-sensitive changes in the KiSS-1 mRNA expression in the NVT occur physiologically, according to the changes in the reproductive state. From the present results, we conclude that the medaka KiSS-1 neuronal system is involved in the central regulation of reproductive functions, and, given many experimental advantages, the medaka brain may serve as a good model system to study its physiology.

scholarly journals Spexin and a novel cichlid-specific spexin paralog both inhibit FSH and LH through a specific galanin receptor (Galr2b) in tilapia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaron Cohen ◽  
Krist Hausken ◽  
Yoav Bonfil ◽  
Michael Gutnick ◽  
Berta Levavi-Sivan
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Cichlid Fish ◽  
Peptide Hormone ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Cichlid Species ◽  
Amino Acid Peptide ◽  
Lh Cells ◽  
Pleiotropic Functions

AbstractSpexin (SPX) is a 14 amino acid peptide hormone that has pleiotropic functions across vertebrates, one of which is involvement in the brain-pituitary-gonad axis of fish. SPX(1) has been identified in each class of vertebrates, and a second SPX (named SPX2) has been found in some non-mammalian species. We have cloned two spexin paralogs, designated as Spx1a and Spx1b, from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) that have varying tissue distribution patterns. Spx1b is a novel peptide only identified in cichlid fish, and is more closely related to Spx1 than Spx2 homologs as supported by phylogenetic, synteny, and functional analyses. Kisspeptin, Spx, and galanin (Gal) peptides and their corresponding kiss receptors and Gal receptors (Galrs), respectively, are evolutionarily related. Cloning of six tilapia Galrs (Galr1a, Galr1b, Galr2a, Galr2b, Galr type 1, and Galr type 2) and subsequent in vitro second-messenger reporter assays for Gαs, Gαq, and Gαi suggests that Gal and Spx activate Galr1a/Galr2a and Galr2b, respectively. A decrease in plasma follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone concentrations was observed with injections of Spx1a or Spx1b in vivo. Additionally, application of Spx1a to pituitary slices decreased the firing rate of LH cells, suggesting direct inhibition at the pituitary level. These data collectively suggest an inhibitory mechanism of action against the secretion of gonadotropins for a traditional and a novel spexin paralog in cichlid species.

High-voltage electron microscopic studies of the interrelationship between microglial cells and amyloid fibrils in scrapie-infected mouse brains

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 86-87
Author(s):  
A. S. Lossinsky ◽  
M. J. Song ◽  
H. M. Wisniewski
Keyword(s):  
High Voltage ◽  
Cell Attachment ◽  
Microglial Cells ◽  
Stereo Pair ◽  
Amyloid Formation ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
High Voltage Electron Microscopy ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
High Voltage Electron ◽  
Amyloid Deposits

We have previously demonstrated the usefulness of high-voltage electron microscopy (HVEM) in the study of microvessels and inflammatory cell attachment in the central nervous system (CNS). In the present study, we used HVEM to further explore the interrelationship between microglial cells (MCs) and amyloid deposits in scrapie-infected mice. Scrapie infection in the mouse has been employed as an animal model to study the pathogenesis of amyloid fibril formation. The central question was whether three-dimensional (3-D) stereo-pair reconstruction would offer further insight into amyloid formation by MCs, which is currently the view of our group. Brains or cervical spinal cords from IM mice previously inoculated with 87V scrapie agent were used. One-half-micrometer thick plastic sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Light-microscopy views enabled us to target primary inoculation channels associated with amyloid deposits. Cells located at the periphery of the amyloid were identified as MCs (Fig. 1).

Electron Microscopic Characteristics of β2-Microglobulin Amyloid Deposits in Long-Term Haemodialysis

2005 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 483-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miklós Bély ◽  
Pál Kapp ◽  
Tamás Szentjóbi Szabó ◽  
Tamás Lakatos ◽  
Ágnes Apáthy
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Β2 Microglobulin ◽  
Amyloid Deposits
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